Microplastics in the Human Body: Environmental Exposure and Potential Health Effects

Abstract

Microplastics in the human body are increasingly recognized as an emerging and rapidly developing issue at the intersection of environmental science, medicine, and public health. In recent years, growing concerns have been raised regarding the widespread occurrence of microplastics in the environment and their potential effects on human health. The extensive use of plastic materials in industry, agriculture, medicine, and daily life has contributed to the accumulation of microplastic particles in water, soil, and air. Consequently, humans are continuously exposed to microplastics, highlighting the need for a comprehensive assessment of this emerging concern. This study aims to analyze the pathways through which microplastics enter the human body and to evaluate their potential health effects based on current scientific evidence. The study is based on an analytical review of recent experimental and observational research investigating the detection of microplastics in human biological samples and environmental compartments. Major sources of human exposure include atmospheric air, drinking water, seafood, agricultural products, and commonly used plastic materials. The mechanisms through which microplastics enter the human body via the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems and through dermal exposure are examined. In addition, particle size, shape, chemical composition, surface characteristics, and concentrations are comparatively evaluated, with particular emphasis on their potential influence on biological activity and bioavailability. The reviewed evidence indicates that microplastics have been detected in human blood, lung tissue, the gastrointestinal tract, liver tissue, and placental samples, suggesting their potential for systemic distribution within the human body. Some studies have also reported the presence of microplastics in breast milk and other biological fluids, raising concerns about the possibility of exposure across generations. Current evidence suggests that microplastics may interact with cellular structures, induce inflammatory responses, increase oxidative stress, disrupt cellular metabolism, and alter immune system functions. Potential risks to the endocrine and reproductive systems, as well as the possibility of tissue accumulation following long-term exposure, have also been reported. The level of microplastic exposure may vary according to geographical location, lifestyle, occupational activities, and environmental conditions. Overall, further interdisciplinary research is required to better understand the potential effects of microplastics on human health. Such research may contribute to establishing cause–effect relationships, improving risk assessments, and developing strategies to reduce microplastic exposure. Furthermore, the findings may support the development of environmental safety policies and preventive measures aimed at protecting public health.