Factors Affecting Milk Quality in Small Ruminants

Abstract

Small ruminants are of significant importance in terms of meat and milk production, especially in rural areas. The quality of milk obtained from these animals directly affects both milk yield and the nutritional value and processability of dairy products. Milk quality is evaluated through various parameters such as fat, protein, somatic cell count, and microbiological characteristics. This study addresses the genetic, environmental, and flock management factors that affect milk quality in small ruminants, with genetic factors significantly determining milk composition through breed and individual characteristics, where some sheep and goat breeds tend to produce milk with higher fat content; environmental factors such as nutrition, climatic conditions, and housing systems play a crucial role, particularly the energy and protein balance of the ration directly influencing milk yield and quality, while heat stress may reduce both; and flock management practices including milking hygiene, milking frequency, and udder health are also key determinants, especially as diseases like mastitis increase somatic cell count and negatively affect milk quality. In conclusion, milk quality in small ruminants is shaped by the contribution of multiple factors, and proper management of these factors is essential for improving milk yield and obtaining high-quality dairy products.