International Anatolian Agriculture, Food, Environment and Biology Congress

Polyherbal Nano-formulations: A New Frontier in Anticancer, Antibacterial, and Antioxidant Therapies

2026-04-24T17:27:13+00:00

Cancer is defined as the uncontrolled cell division of cells. Cancer being reported as the 2nd most common cause of deaths worldwide is the major health challenge faced by researchers in current decade. Currently, plants are significantly being used for the treatment of cancer due to their benefits and lower side effects. In this research work, the maceration method was used to form polyherbal extracts using different solvents. These polyherbal extracts were then used to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles using ethanol, hydroethanol, and distilled water as solvents by green synthesis method. ZnO nanoparticles synthesized from hydroethanol and ethanol extracts exhibited sharp peaks at 372 and 384 nm, correspondingly, but those of distilled water extract displayed a sharp peak at 327 nm in UV-visible analysis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated a spherical morphology of synthesized nanoparticles. Zeta potentials for ZnO-NPs from ethanol, hydroethanol, and water extracts were determined to be 19.8 mV, -18.6 mV, and -16.1 mV, respectively. The sizes of the ZnO-NPs were found to be 167.76 nm, 473.9 nm, and 3508.8 nm, respectively. Ethanolic extract nanoparticles have the highest DPPH activity while hydroethanolic extract have the significant TPC and TFC content. Ethanol nanoparticles have shown significant zone of inhibition against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Lowest MIC values (0.312 mg/ml for E. coli and 1.25 mg/ml for S. aureus) were recorded in case of ethanolic extract nanoparticles and highest in case of hydroethanol. Results of hemolytic activity and Ames assay indicate that these nanoparticles are non-toxic and non-mutagenic in nature. Results of anticancer activity against 3T3 and Hela cell lines have shown all of these nanoparticles are inactive against these cell lines suggesting their promising anticancer activity. All the experiments were performed in triplicates. All the results of this research work conducted suggest that nanoparticles synthesized from distilled water, ethanol and hydroethanol extracts of polyherbal product have spherical shape with significant antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Cytotoxicity and anticancer studies suggest that these nanoparticles are non-toxic, non-mutagenic and have anticancer potential.

Survival Analysis of Marital Status and Labor Force Participation on Mortality Risk in Bangladesh: A Cox Proportional Hazards Model Approach

2026-04-24T15:46:14+00:00

This study is a research study examining the interrelationship between marital status, labor force participation, and mortality in Bangladesh as secondary sources of data, namely, the Bangladesh Population and Housing Census (2022), the Sample Vital Registration System (SVRS 2022), and the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS 2022). The research aims is to investigate the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and the labor force participation and mortality risk. Descriptive statistics indicate that widowed and divorced people especially the inactive ones economically, have higher rates of deaths. The analysis uses Cox Proportional Hazards Models to measure the hazard ratios (HR) of various demographic groups in which widowed people were found to be at 73% higher risk of dying than their married counterparts. The risk of mortality in the economically inactive people is 9 % higher than those who are active. This study concludes that marital status and labor force participation are equally important factors that lead to mortality, and inactivity and marital disruption together increase health susceptibility especially among women and the rural population. This study also proposes policies that will enhance access to healthcare and economic opportunities, especially to widowed, divorced, and non-economic active groups, especially in the rural areas.

Dietary Supplementation of Bamboo Shoot (Bambusa vulgaris) Meal: Effects on Growth Performance and Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)

2026-04-24T15:51:09+00:00

The increasing restrictions on antibiotic growth promoters in poultry production have intensified the search for sustainable, plant-based alternatives. This study evaluated the effects of bamboo shoot (Bambusa vulgaris) meal supplementation on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and economic return of broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). A total of 120-day-old chicks were assigned to four treatments under a Completely Randomized Design: T₀ (basal diet), T₁ (3 g/kg bamboo shoot meal), T₂ (6 g/kg), and T₃ (9 g/kg). The feeding trial lasted 35 days. Growth parameters, dressed weight, average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), sensory attributes, and return on investment (ROI) were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD. Results showed that supplementation significantly improved body weight from day 21 onward (p < 0.05), with T₁ consistently exhibiting the highest final weight (6,865.8 g) and ADG (313.64 g/day). Dressed weight was significantly enhanced in T₁ compared with the control (p < 0.05). Although FCR improved numerically in supplemented groups, differences were not statistically significant. Sensory evaluation indicated enhanced palatability and texture in supplemented treatments, though without significant variation among groups. Economic analysis revealed that only T₁ generated a positive return (ROI = 4.08%), while higher inclusion levels resulted in reduced profitability. These findings demonstrate that bamboo shoot meal at 3 g/kg can enhance growth performance and carcass yield without adverse effects on meat quality, offering a promising, sustainable feed additive for broiler production. Further studies are recommended to evaluate long-term effects and optimize inclusion levels under commercial conditions.

Economic impact and Household Welfare of Urban Rooftop Gardening: Evidences from Rangpur City of Bangladesh

2026-04-24T15:52:15+00:00

This study investigates the economic and social benefits of rooftop gardening for urban households in Rangpur City Corporation, Bangladesh. Using a cross-sectional research design, data were collected from 308 households practicing rooftop gardening through structured questionnaires. The study explores how rooftop gardening influences household income, food security, and consumption behaviors. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression analysis was employed to examine the relationship between rooftop gardening practices and key economic outcomes. The results indicate that rooftop gardening positively impacts household income by providing savings on vegetable purchases and offering extra income from surplus sales. Additionally, households reported enhanced food security, with improved access to fresh produce and a more diverse diet. The findings suggest that rooftop gardening not only supports household economic stability but also contributes to greater food self-sufficiency and resilience against food disruptions. Socioeconomic factors such as education, garden size, and gardening duration were found to significantly influence these outcomes. This study emphasizes the importance of rooftop gardening as a sustainable urban agricultural practice that can improve economic well-being, enhance food security, and support healthier consumption patterns in mid-sized urban areas like Rangpur.

Economic Viability and Constraints of Broiler Farming in Bangladesh

2026-04-24T15:53:24+00:00

The production issues and profitability of broiler farming in Bangladesh's Feni District are examined in this monograph. By examining production costs, revenues, and profitability indicators, the study aims to evaluate the region's broiler farms' economic feasibility. Important problems that affect the financial stability of broiler farmers include market instability, disease control, and variable feed prices. This study is based on data gathered from 54 broiler farms in Feni, which includes information on management strategies, feed costs, farm size, and experience. Professional training has a considerable impact on farm profitability, according to the results of the hypothesis test. Training-receiving farmers reported an average profit of 22,629.57 Taka higher than non-training farmers (t-value: -11.4562, p-value: 0.0000). Furthermore, the multicollinearity tests show that feed costs and production changes are positively correlated with earnings, which makes them essential for guaranteeing the industry's financial performance. Welch's test also demonstrates how economies of scale help larger farms become more profitable, while lower profit margins and higher production expenses plague smaller farms. Low-interest loans and farmer training programs are among the suggestions made in the monograph's conclusion to increase the profitability of broiler farming. The local community's economic stability and food security can be enhanced by the broiler farming industry in Feni achieving long-term sustainability by tackling these problems. The study effectively achieves its goal of examining the profitability and difficulties of broiler farming in Feni and offers useful advice and insights to raise the sector's sustainability and profitability.

Evaluating Environmental and Public Health Outcomes of Water Resources Development and Household Water Utilization in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria

2026-04-24T15:54:08+00:00

This study examined domestic water access, water quality, environmental impacts, and associated health outcomes in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey of 450 households across urban core, peri-urban, and peripheral zones achieved a response rate of 96.8%. Quantitative analysis involved descriptive statistics and laboratory water quality assessment, while qualitative methods explored institutional and governance dynamics. Results show heavy dependence on groundwater sources, with boreholes (42.4%) and hand-dug wells (24.2%) dominating household supply. Only 18.7% reported piped water access and 21.3% experienced reliable service. Mean per capita consumption was 46.7 L/person/day, below recommended standards. Although physicochemical parameters were largely within guideline limits, nitrate exceedance occurred in 18.4% of groundwater samples, and microbial contamination was widespread. Environmental impacts included groundwater depletion (43.1%), surface water pollution (46.4%), and seasonal well failure (37.8%). Household-reported disease prevalence indicated malaria (58.2%), diarrhea (34.7%), and suspected schistosomiasis (12.4%), with higher occurrence among users of shallow wells and surface water. The findings demonstrate that reliance on self-supply groundwater combined with declining infrastructure reliability contributes to water insecurity and health risks. Integrated water management, infrastructure rehabilitation, water quality monitoring, and community health education are recommended to enhance urban water sustainability.

Relative organ weights and serum biochemical indices of heat-stressed broilers given in ovo injection of Tomato extract at maturity

2026-04-24T15:55:21+00:00

Two hundred and forty fertile eggs were randomly assigned to five treatment groups consisting of 3 replicates of sixteen birds each in a completely randomized design. In ovo injection of tomato extract (ToE) was carried out per treatment as follows: Treatment one (T1) control group (no injection), Treatment two (T2) injected with 0.5mls saline water only, Treatment 3 (T3) injected with 0.125mg lycopene/ 0.5mls of saline water, Treatment 4 (T4) injected with 0.25mg of lycopene/ 0.5mls of saline water and Treatment 5 (T5) injected with 0.25mg of Vitamin C, immediately after candling on the 18^th day. After hatching, the birds in each replicate were housed in a separate pens, till the 42^nd day. Selected birds were then slaughtered and organs were excised for further evaluation. Result showed that kidney and GIT weights were significantly raised in T1, except for T4 which was also elevated in GIT. The relative lung weight was significantly increased in T3 and decreased across all other treatments. The serum ALP was significantly raised in T1 and decreased in T2 and T4. AST significantly increased at T4 and T5 similar to the control and T2 value was decreased. Significantly highest relative organ weight values of the kidney and GIT were recorded in T2 with statistically similar values with control group for kidney, and T5 for GIT respectively with the significantly lowest value for GIT noted in T3. Inclusion of oral or dietary inclusion of ToE from week 3 of rearing should be recommended.

Combined In-Vitro and In-Silico Evaluation of Bioactive Phytochemicals from Curcuma longa (Linn.) Against Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacter cloacae: Insights into Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Potential

2026-04-24T15:57:13+00:00

Enterobacter cloacae exhibit significant antibiotic resistance, posing a major challenge to existing therapeutic options. In the present study, Curcuma longa extracts were evaluated for their antibacterial and antibiofilm activities using both in vitro and in silico approaches. The in vitro assays demonstrated that methanolic and ethanolic extracts exhibited the highest antibacterial potential, showing maximum zones of inhibition of 12 ± 0.25 mm and 8 ± 0.30 mm, respectively, against E. cloacae. Biofilm inhibition assays indicated a moderate disruption of preformed bacterial biofilms. In the in-silico analysis, molecular docking revealed that curcumin exhibited the strongest binding affinity (−8.4 kcal/mol) with β-lactamase (AmpC), followed by demethoxycurcumin (−7.8 kcal/mol) with DNA gyrase, and bisdemethoxycurcumin (−7.7 kcal/mol) with the cyclic di-GMP regulatory protein of E. cloacae. The docking models were validated by favourable ProSA Z-scores (−8.86 to −10) and ERRAT quality factors (>80%), confirming the reliability of the predicted protein-ligand interactions. Toxicity prediction analysis indicated that all tested compounds were non-mutagenic, non-carcinogenic, and exhibited safe LD₅₀ ranges, suggesting a high safety profile. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential of Curcuma longa-derived phytochemicals as effective and safe therapeutic candidates for combating multidrug-resistant Enterobacter cloacae infections.

Conversion of Various Agricultural Feedstocks to Biochar under Different Pyrolytic Temperatures

2026-04-24T17:16:10+00:00

Globally, biochar is utilized as a soil amendment technology to enhance carbon storage and to improve soil functioning. However, biochar characteristics and related improvements of soil functioning depend on biochar production conditions. This study assessed the physical and chemical properties of biochars produced from rice husk, maize cob, groundnut husk and cassia tree residues at pyrolysis temperatures of 400, 600, and 800 °C. The physical and chemical properties of biochars were determined. This included bulk density, porosity, water holding capacity, moisture content and organic carbon, organic matter, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), magnesium, sulfur, sodium, calcium, total nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus respectively. The findings from the study reveal that increasing pyrolysis temperature decreased biochar yield, and the values of the analyzed properties varied depending on the type of biochar and pyrolysis temperature. The water holding capacity (WHC) significantly increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the pyrolysis from 400 to 800 °C increased the water holding capacity from 13.46 to 24.65, 21.33 to 25.66, 25.59 to 28.56, and 21.86 to 25.83 g water/g dry for rice husk, maize cob, groundnut husk and cassia tree residues, respectively. The maize cob biochar produced at a pyrolysis temperature of 800 °C obtained highest value of bulk density (241.59 kg/m³). The porosity values of biochars ranged from 48.07 to 66.74%. The cassia tree residues biochars produced at 800 °C recorded the highest values of pH and EC (10.8 and 3.62 dS/m). Total carbon, total organic matter and total nitrogen ranged from 40.70 to 60.60%, 64.24 to 100.6%, and 0.3 to 2.4% respectively. The groundnut husk biochar produced at 800 °C recorded the highest values of phosphorus (137.4 mg/kg) and calcium content (653.3 mg/kg). The sulfur, sodium and magnesium content ranged from 1234-13263, 1032-1695 and 13.2-54.3 mg/kg respectively.

The study highlights that biochar properties are significantly influenced by feedstock type and pyrolysis temperature, suggesting that optimizing these factors can enhance biochar's effectiveness as a soil amendment for improving soil fertility and structure, contributing to SDG 2 and 15 by promoting sustainable agriculture and ecosystem conservation

Botulism in Ruminant Nutrition

2026-04-24T17:18:57+00:00

Botulism is a fatal zoonotic disease caused by neurotoxins secreted by Clostridium botulinum, a spore-forming gram-positive anaerobic bacterium. In ruminant animal feeding, infection occurs primarily through contaminated feed, while environmental sources such as soil, water, and manure also play an important role in transmission pathways. C. botulinum neurotoxins block acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction, leading to progressive muscle paralysis and a clinical presentation characterized by high mortality rates. This situation leads to irreparable economic losses and severe declines in production capacity in the global livestock sector. Due to the limited efficacy of treatment options for the disease and their adverse effect on prognosis, prophylactic approaches aimed at eliminating infection sources have strategic priority in control strategies. Silage, dry feeds, animal-derived feed additives, and manure contamination used in ruminant feeding are identified as the main risk factors. Particularly in silage production processes, insufficient anaerobic fermentation, failure to achieve optimal pH range, and improper storage conditions create favorable microenvironments of critical importance for the germination of C. botulinum spores and toxin production. This review study aims to systematically and holistically evaluate etiological factors, molecular pathogenesis mechanisms, epidemiological transmission routes, and evidence-based control strategies of botulism infection in ruminant animal feeding. Considering the ongoing economic losses and public health risks in the livestock industry in Turkey and worldwide, there is an urgent need for multidisciplinary research on botulism pathogenesis, diagnostic methods, and prevention strategies, and this review is expected to provide a conceptual foundation and applied perspective to such scientific studies.

Effects of jackfruit seed powder addition on physicochemical properties and sensory acceptability of Jackfruit Turkish Delight

2026-04-24T17:20:23+00:00

Jackfruit is a tropical fruit widely cultivated in South and Southeast Asia, yet its seeds remain underutilised despite their nutritional potential. This study aimed to determine the physicochemical properties and sensory acceptability of Turkish delight incorporated with jackfruit seed powder. Turkish delight was prepared with different levels of jackfruit seed powder substitution at 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%. The samples were analysed for texture profile, colour characteristics, and proximate composition, including moisture, fat, protein, fibre, carbohydrate, and ash content. Sensory evaluation was conducted using 30 untrained panellists based on a seven-point hedonic scale. The incorporation of jackfruit seed powder significantly influenced the physicochemical properties of the product. Increasing the level of jackfruit seed powder resulted in decreased moisture content and increased protein and fibre content. Moisture content ranged from 34.37% to 20.71%, ash content from 0.36% to 0.51%, protein content from 0.48% to 1.59%, fat content from 0.49% to 0.51%, and fibre content from 0.20% to 0.96%. The control sample showed the highest moisture content and the lowest protein and fibre content. The formulation containing equal proportions of corn starch and jackfruit seed powder was most preferred due to its balanced texture and flavour characteristics. No significant differences were observed in overall acceptability among the samples. The findings indicate that jackfruit seed powder can be incorporated successfully into Turkish delight to enhance its nutritional value, particularly in terms of fibre and protein content, while maintaining acceptable sensory quality.

Risking the harvest: Vegetable farmers perspectives on heavy metal contamination from wastewater irrigation in Tamale Metropolis, Ghana

2026-04-24T17:21:08+00:00

The paucity of empirical studies on vegetable farmers perception of heavy metal contamination is striking, especially given the growing concerns about food safety and environmental conservation. This study bridges this gap by investigating vegetable farmers perception of heavy metal contamination from wastewater irrigation in Tamale Metropolis, Ghana. Data were collected through multistage sampling from 70 vegetable farmers in Tamale Metropolis, Ghana. The study employed perception indices to assess farmers perception of heavy metal contamination. An ordered logit regression model was also employed to determine the socioeconomic determinants of farmers perception of heavy metal contamination in the area. The findings show that farmers have moderate perception of heavy metal contamination. They expressed strong concern about heavy metals in agrochemicals, citing risk of bioaccumulation, long-term health effects, and environmental pollution. Factors influencing farmers perception levels included age, education, credit access, participation in farmer-based association, agrochemical use, and training on handling agrochemicals. The study recommends implementing comprehensive educational programs, strengthening regulatory framework, improving farmers access to resources, and promoting sustainable agricultural practices to address the challenges of heavy metal contamination from wastewater irrigation. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders to enhance food safety and sustainability in sub-Saharan Africa.

Quantifying Climate Sensitivity of Apple Orchard Vigor Using Sentinel-2 NDVI and Lagged Meteorological Variables

2026-04-24T17:22:22+00:00

Understanding the extent to which short-term climatic variability regulates orchard canopy dynamics is essential for climate-responsive irrigation management in semi-arid regions. This study quantified intra-seasonal canopy vigor dynamics in a commercially managed, drip-irrigated apple orchard located in Niğde Province, Central Anatolia, Türkiye. Sentinel-2 surface reflectance imagery was processed to derive 15-day NDVI composites for the 2023 growing season, and monthly spatial NDVI maps were generated to evaluate intra-parcel heterogeneity. Concurrent meteorological data were aggregated into 15-day intervals, and lagged climatic variables were incorporated into a multiple linear regression framework. The regression model explained 74% of intra-seasonal NDVI variability (R²=0.74, p<0.001). Lagged mean air temperature exhibited a strong positive effect on canopy vigor (β=0.0131, p<0.001), whereas lagged solar radiation showed a statistically significant negative association (β=-0.0275, p=0.015). Model diagnostics indicated no substantial residual autocorrelation (Durbin Watson=1.66). Spatial analysis further revealed persistent intra-orchard heterogeneity despite uniform irrigation practices. Results demonstrate that even under continuous drip irrigation, canopy vigor dynamics remain strongly governed by atmospheric forcing. The integration of satellite-based vegetation monitoring with lagged climatic indicators provides a robust framework for evaluating orchard climate sensitivity and supporting adaptive irrigation scheduling. This approach contributes to sustainable water resource management in perennial fruit production systems under increasing climatic variability.

Remote Sensing-Based Evaluation of Vegetation Condition and Drought-Related Spatial Dynamics in Bursa Province, Türkiye

2026-04-24T17:24:39+00:00

This study assessed vegetation condition and drought dynamics in Bursa Province, northwestern Türkiye, using Sentinel-2-derived annual NDVI and VCI products for 2017-2025. Sentinel-2 Surface Reflectance Harmonized imagery was processed in Google Earth Engine, where cloud-contaminated pixels were masked and annual median NDVI composites were generated. VCI was calculated from pixel-based long-term NDVI minimum and maximum values, and annual NDVI and VCI maps were produced for spatial analysis. In addition, annual mean NDVI and VCI values and drought-class area percentages were derived from raster outputs. The results revealed clear interannual variability in vegetation conditions across Bursa. Annual mean NDVI ranged from 0.52 in 2017 to 0.55 in 2021, while annual mean VCI varied between 61.06 and 63.74. The maps also showed that vegetation stress was spatially heterogeneous across the province. Overall, drought and vegetation stress in Bursa did not follow a monotonic trend but fluctuated between relatively favorable and unfavorable years. These findings demonstrate that Sentinel-2-based NDVI and VCI products provide an effective framework for monitoring provincial-scale vegetation variability and drought conditions and can support irrigation planning and water-resources management.

Integrating Microclimate and Biomechanics to Predict Tomato Cracking in Greenhouse

2026-04-24T17:32:11+00:00

A physiological condition known as tomato fruit cracking drastically lowers commercial yield, especially in greenhouse systems where microclimatic changes are common. The cuticle and epidermis experience a shift in mechanical strain during ripening due to the slow breakdown of pericarp cell walls. The cuticle serves as a defence against stress when internal turgor pressure rises. Crack initiation is by the mismatch between cuticular flexibility and fruit growth. Fruit development dynamics, peel biomechanics, and cuticle composition are all significantly impacted by environmental conditions as temperature, relative humidity, and radiation. Predicting crack start under dynamic greenhouse circumstances is still difficult, despite a wealth of physiological research. High humidity increases internal pressure by encouraging water absorption and cuticular microcracks. Radiation changes the temperature and cuticle biochemistry of fruit, whereas temperature extremes decrease the flexibility of the peel. Furthermore, structural integrity is weakened during ripening by decreases in cellulose, hemicellulose, calcium, and boron. Genetic differences and uneven cracking across the fruit surface make risk prediction and monitoring difficult. The present understanding of fruit biomechanics, microclimate interactions, and physiological ripening processes is summarized in this paper. To explain stress distribution, it combines data from experimental investigations with computational techniques, such as extended finite element modelling. For predictive analysis, the system connects fruit growth sensing, greenhouse climate monitoring, and biomechanical modelling. The study demonstrates how biochemical and structural alterations in the peel interact with mechanical stress caused by the microclimate to cause cracking. It illustrates how predictive modelling may be used to identify crucial risk thresholds and model stress reactions in a variety of environmental settings. Early cracking risk prediction and precise management can be made possible by integrating biomechanical models with real-time greenhouse monitoring. By optimizing irrigation and ventilation techniques and supporting breeding initiatives aimed at crack-resistant cultivars, these methods help reduce preharvest and postharvest losses in a sustainable manner.

The Role of Gluten in Dog Nutrition: Ration Formulation and Dietary Management

2026-04-24T17:34:55+00:00

Gluten in canine nutrition should be evaluated not only as a possible component of adverse food reactions but also as a functional ingredient that contributes to the structure, texture, and processability of commercial dry foods and treats. Accordingly, its role should be considered in two contexts: its possible association with gastrointestinal or neurologic syndromes in genetically or phenotypically susceptible dogs, and the technological consequences of replacing gluten-containing ingredients in diet formulation. Current evidence indicates that gluten is not a universal nutritional problem in dogs, although gluten-associated enteropathies and neurologic syndromes have been described in certain breeds. From a nutritional perspective, the main issue is not simply the removal of gluten, but the management of resulting changes in macronutrient balance, dietary fiber profile, starch characteristics, palatability, extrusion behavior, and postprandial metabolic responses. Recent studies suggest that buckwheat, legumes, insect proteins, algae-based ingredients, and food-industry by-products may support the development of low-gluten or gluten-free canine diets. In clinical practice, the most reliable diagnostic strategy in suspected gluten sensitivity remains a carefully controlled elimination diet followed by structured reintroduction. Within chronic enteropathies, gluten should also be interpreted within a broader framework involving intestinal barrier function, immune tolerance, and the gut microbiota. This review discusses gluten in dogs from the perspectives of nutrition science, ration formulation, and clinical dietary management.

Feed Efficiency and the Circular Use of Local Resources in Sustainable Animal Production: Perspectives on Precision Nutrition, Animal Health, and Product Quality

2026-04-24T17:37:15+00:00

Feed is the principal input in animal production because it accounts for the largest share of production costs and largely determines the environmental burden of the system. This review evaluates feed efficiency and the circular use of local resources in sustainable animal production from the perspectives of precision feeding, animal health, and product quality. Sustainable feed efficiency should not be interpreted merely as improving feed conversion ratio; it also encompasses reducing nutrient losses, safely integrating local and alternative resources into rations, using processing technologies appropriately, and continuously updating ration management through animal-based monitoring data. Local legumes, agro-industrial by-products, pasture-based resources, and biomass recoverable from the food chain have substantial potential to reduce external dependence and increase the resilience of production systems. However, this potential can only be realized when variability in chemical composition, storage-related risks, and antinutritional factors are managed through appropriate processing and regular analyses. Precision feeding systems, rumination monitoring, metabolic profiling, and product quality indicators make it possible to track the real sustainability outcomes of feed management. In conclusion, feed efficiency in sustainable animal production is not a narrow cost-reduction strategy but a holistic management framework that reduces environmental load, protects animal health and welfare, supports product quality, and reintegrates local resources into the production cycle.

Bioactive Sesamum indicum L. seed oil from Supercritical CO₂ Extraction: Fatty Acid Profile, Nutritional energy and Antimicrobial Potential

2026-04-24T17:38:33+00:00

Bu çalışma, süperkritik karbondioksit (SC-CO₂) ekstraksiyonu kullanılarak elde edilen Sesamum indicum L. tohum yağının yağ asidi bileşimini, besin enerji değerini ve antimikrobiyal aktivitesini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamıştır. Süperkritik CO₂ ekstraksiyonu, toksik olmayan yapısı, düşük kritik sıcaklık ve basıncı ve nihai üründe çözücü kalıntısı bulunmaması nedeniyle yeşil bir ekstraksiyon teknolojisi olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Tohumlar, 420 bar ve 47 °C'de 120 dakika boyunca süperkritik karbondioksit ekstraksiyonuna tabi tutulmuştur. Elde edilen yağın yağ asidi profili, alev iyonizasyon dedektörü (GC-FID) ile donatılmış gaz kromatografisi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Besin enerji değeri, standart makro besin enerji dönüşüm faktörleri kullanılarak tahmin edilmiştir. Antimikrobiyal aktivite, seçilen Gram-pozitif bakterilere (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 ve Sarcina lutea ATCC 9341) ve Gram-negatif bakterilere (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 70603 ve Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076) karşı sıvı mikrodilüsyon yöntemiyle değerlendirildi. Antimikrobiyal etkiler, minimum inhibitör konsantrasyon (MIC) değerleri olarak ifade edildi. Analiz, susam yağında bulunan baskın yağ asitlerinin linoleik asit (%43,26), oleik asit (%40,24) ve palmitik asit (%9,27) olduğunu ortaya koydu. Genel olarak, doymamış yağ asitleri toplam yağ asidi içeriğinin %83'ünden fazlasını oluşturdu. Yağın hesaplanan besin enerjisi değeri yaklaşık 895,14 kcal/100 g (3745,26 kJ/100 g) idi. Antimikrobiyal değerlendirme, E. coli'ye karşı 6,25 mg/mL, S. lutea'ya karşı 6,25 mg/mL ve B. cereus'a karşı 3,12 mg/mL MIC değerleriyle kayda değer bir inhibitör aktivite gösterdi. Bu bulgular, SC-CO₂ ekstraksiyonunun S. indicum L. tohum yağının hem besin kalitesini hem de fonksiyonel biyoaktivitesini etkili bir şekilde koruduğunu göstermektedir. Genel olarak, SC-CO₂ ekstraksiyonu, yüksek kalori içeriğine ve önemli antimikrobiyal aktiviteye sahip, doymamış yağ asitleri bakımından zengin S. indicum L. tohum yağı üretmek için verimli ve çevre dostu bir yaklaşım sunmaktadır. Bu bulgular, bu teknolojinin gıda, kozmetik ve ilaç endüstrileri için yüksek değerli ürünler geliştirme potansiyelini vurgulamaktadır.

Anahtar kelimeler: Sesamum indicum L. , süperkritik CO₂ ekstraksiyonu, yağ asidi bileşimi, besin değeri, MIC.

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Lavandula angustifolia L. Essential Oil Determined by GC-MS

2026-04-24T17:42:25+00:00

Lavandula angustifolia L. is one of the most valuable aromatic plants widely used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries due to its essential oil rich in bioactive volatile compounds. In this study, the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of L. angustifolia essential oil were investigated. The volatile constituents were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) in Selcuk University İLTEK. The chemical composition of L. angustifolia L. essential oil was analyzed by GC–MS. The sample was diluted in hexane to obtain a 2000 ppm solution and injected into an Agilent 7890B GC–MS system equipped with an HP-5MS column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm). Helium was used as the carrier gas at 1.0 mL/min. The injector temperature was 220 °C with a split ratio of 50:1 and an injection volume of 1 µL. The oven temperature was programmed from 60 °C (5 min) to 240 °C at 4 °C/min, with a 10 min hold, and spectra were recorded in scan mode.GC–MS analysis revealed a complex mixture of monoterpenes and oxygenated monoterpenes. The major component of the essential oil was linalool (35.10%), followed by camphor (~4.85%), eucalyptol (1,8-cineole) (~4.28%), and borneol (~3.67%). In addition, minor constituents such as α-pinene, camphene, β-myrcene, β-ocimene, and γ-terpinene. Antimicrobial activity was determined by the broth microdilution method against selected Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Sarcina lutea) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella enteritidis) bacteria. The essential oil showed notable antibacterial activity, with MIC values of 3.125 mg/mL for B. cereus, 1.562 mg/mL for S. lutea, 6.25 mg/mL for S. aureus, 6.25 mg/mL for E. coli and K. pneumoniae, and 3.125 mg/mL for S. enteritidis and P. aeruginosa.cymene were also identified. Overall, the findings indicate that L. angustifolia L. essential oil rich in oxygenated monoterpenes, particularly linalool, exhibits promising antibacterial activity and may have potential applications in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and natural antimicrobial formulations.

Dr. Yield Performance and Genetic Gain Potential of Indigenous Leafy Vegetables Under Different Harvest Frequencies

2026-04-24T17:43:47+00:00

Indigenous leafy vegetables such as African spinach (Amaranthus hybridus), Lagos spinach (Celosia argentea), and Jute mallow (Corchorus olitorius) are widely cultivated and consumed in tropical and subtropical regions due to their high nutritional value and contribution to food security. These vegetables provide essential vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre, and plantbased protein that support healthy diets and improve nutritional status. However, their productivity is often affected by poor agronomic practices, particularly inappropriate harvesting frequency and cutting cycles, which influence vegetative growth and cumulative leaf yield. This study evaluated the response of openpollinated varieties of African spinach, Lagos spinach, and Jute mallow to different harvesting regimes in order to determine the most suitable harvest interval for improved cumulative leaf yield under the Southern Guinea Savannah agroecological conditions of Nigeria. A screen house experiment was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design with three replications. Six vegetable varieties were subjected to three harvesting regimes, namely weekly harvesting, fortnightly harvesting, and harvesting at maturity. Data were collected on plant height, stem girth, number of leaves, and cumulative leaf yield and analysed using analysis of variance. Results revealed significant (p < 0.05) genotypic variability among the evaluated vegetables across harvesting regimes. African spinach (Tete – Local) recorded the highest cumulative leaf yield, followed by Lagos spinach (Shoko – Local), whereas Jute mallow varieties produced comparatively lower yields. The fortnightly harvesting regime produced the highest cumulative yield and exhibited high heritability (0.70) with genetic advance of 25%. Fortnightly harvesting is therefore recommended for improving cumulative leaf yield in indigenous leafy vegetables.

Techno-economic evaluation of pectin production from apple pomace

2026-04-24T17:59:26+00:00

The production of pectin from apple pomace offers an opportunity for industrial use and waste valorization. The optimization of the extraction process and assessment of its economic viability are the main objectives of this study. The extraction process was conducted according to Box-Behnken experimental design including pH, temperature, and time as extraction variables. Their individual and interaction effects on pectin yield were assessed by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Based on the experimental data, an industrial-scale process simulation was implemented in the context of SuperPro Design software under the assumption of ideal operation conditions for all unit processes. The highest pectin yield was achieved as 9.5% under optimal conditions (pH 1.1, 90 °C, 2.5 hours). The developed model was statistically significant and demonstrated a strong fit to the experimental data (R² = 0.9605, Adjusted R² = 0.9097). Industrial-scale simulation at a processing capacity of 10,000 kg/h indicated an annual net profit of approximately $7.99 million and a unit production cost of $16.1/kg. Economic indicators were calculated as ROI = 13.3%, payback period = 7.5 years, IRR = 13%, and NPV = $24.6 million. The results confirm that pectin production from apple pomace is both technically viable and economically feasible. Furthermore, integrating by-product utilization strategies can further enhance overall profitability.

Ecological-geobotanical study of the Festuceta-Poaeltum-Thymusosum formation phytocenosis in the mountainous part of Lankaran

2026-04-24T18:01:24+00:00

In the mountainous part of Lankaran, Festuca ovina – Poa meyeri – Thymus trautvetteri and Poa meyeri – Thymus trautvetteri associations belonging to the Festuceta-Poaeltum-Thymusosum formation are widespread. The phytocenosis specific to this formation was recorded in Yardimli district, in summer pasture areas No. 22 “Shikali yurt” and No. 23 “Der geçmezmez”. The species composition of the formation includes 25 species, of which 3 species (12%) are shrubs, 2 species (8%) are semi-shrubs, 17 species (68%) are perennial herbs and 3 species (12%) are annual herbs. According to ecological analysis, 17 species (68%) are xerophytes, 3 species (12%) are mesoxerophytes and 5 species (20%) are mesophytes. The dominant Thymus trautvetteri Klok et Shost (abundance 3–4 points), subdominant Poa meyeri Trin ex Roschen (2–3 points) and Festuca ovina L (2 points) were identified. The structure of the vegetation cover includes Filipendula ulmaria on the first floor, Elytrigia trichophora, Stipa holocericea, Achillea vermicularia, Poa meyeri, Onobrychis altissima, Bromopsis variegata on the second floor and Astragalus euoplus, Ast aurea, Acanthalimon hohenackeri, Thymus trautvetteri, Alchemilla sericata, Trifolium repens and Anisantha tectorum on the third floor. The design cover of the phytocenosis is 50–80%. One of the 25 species, Thymus trautvetteri Klok et Shost, is an endemic plant of Azerbaijan and requires protection. Degradation of the soil and vegetation cover of the steppe subalpine meadows is observed in the region, as a result of which the abundance of valuable forage plants decreases and productivity decreases.

Floristic and ecological analysis of the Stipetum–Festucosum formation in the mountainous areas of Lerik region

2026-04-24T18:03:16+00:00

The Stipetum transcaucasica–Festucosum ovina association was identified in the vegetation of the Stipetum–Festucosum formation. A total of 29 species were recorded in the floristic composition of the formation, of which 5 species (17.2%) are shrubs, 2 species (6.9%) are subshrubs, 17 species (58.7%) are perennial herbs, 2 species (6.9%) are biennial herbs, and 3 species (10.3%) are annual herbs. As a result of the analysis by ecological groups, 15 of the species (51.7%) were characterized as xerophytes, 6 (20.7%) as mesoxerophytes, and 8 (27.6%) as mesophytes.

The dominant species in the formation was identified as Festuca ovina (abundance 3–4 points), and the subdominant was Stipa transcaucasica (2–3 points). There is no I-th tier in the structure of the phytocenosis, the main plants are concentrated in II and III tiers. In the II tier, the shrubs are mainly Astracantha aurea, in the subshrubs Stachys inflata, and in the perennial herbs Stipa transcaucasica, Phleum pratense, Achillea millefolium, Alchemilla oxysepala, Nepeta sulphurea and other species. In the III (lower) tier, Festuca ovina, Poa pratensis, Teucrium orientalis, Trisetum rigidum, Euphorbia hyrcana and other species are present.

The total projected cover of the phytocenosis across floors is 60–80%, indicating that the formation is characterized by dense grass cover.

English Precision Nutrition Strategies to Reduce Antibiotic Use and Improve Gut Health in Broiler Chickens

2026-04-24T18:06:20+00:00

The global poultry sector is rapidly transitioning to antibiotic-free production in response to consumer demand for safer, more sustainable products and concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance. Precision nutrition, which involves administering precisely the appropriate nutrients to poultry at precisely the appropriate time and in the appropriate form, is a new approach to reduce antibiotic dependence and maintain productivity. This review summarizes the latest research on nutritional and management strategies that enhance the gut health and resilience of broiler chickens. It focuses on three main areas: (1) functional feed additives (probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, phytogenics, organic acids, enzymes, and antimicrobial peptides); (2) precision feeding techniques (phase feeding, digestible amino acid formulation, and nutrient density adjustments); and (3) diagnostic/omics tools (microbiome profiling, nutrigenomics, that enable targeted interventions. The consistent benefits of probiotics, prebiotics, and phytogenic compounds on intestinal barrier function, pathogen suppression, and feed conversion are reported in meta-analyses and reviews, rendering them practicable AGP alternatives under commercial conditions. Precision feeding, which aligns the supply and energy of digestible amino acids with the dynamic growth requirements of the animal, reduces nutrient oversupply, enhances feed conversion, and decreases nitrogen and phosphorus excretion. Feed formulation that incorporates metabolomic and omics indicators improves immunological competence and nutrient utilization by more precisely matching food to bird physiology and gut bacteria. Evidence also suggests that combinations of additives (e.g., enzyme + probiotic; phytogenic + organic acid) frequently outperform single interventions, although responses are contingent upon the baseline health, management, and diet composition of the flock. Our findings suggest that a practical, sustainable approach to reducing antibiotic use without sacrificing performance is offered by precision nutrition, functional additives, and modern diagnostics. Future research should prioritize the development of decision-support tools that translate microbiome and nutrigenomic data into actionable dietary recommendations, standardized trial designs, and cost-benefit analyses in commercial settings.

Keywords: Alternative to antibiotics, Omic technology, Precision nutrition, AMR, Poultry nutrition, Gut microbiota

From Processing to Performance: Hydrobarothermal Treatment Enhances Protein Utilization in Laying Hens

2026-04-24T18:07:51+00:00

Soybean meal (SBM) is the primary protein source in poultry diets; however, its nutritional value can be limited by the presence of anti-nutritional factors and variability in protein digestibility, particularly in non-genetically modified (non-GMO) sources. Processing techniques play a critical role in improving nutrient availability, and hydrobarothermal processing has emerged as a promising method to enhance the feeding value of SBM. This review aims to evaluate the effects of hydrobarothermal treatment on amino acid digestibility and protein utilization in laying hens. Hydrobarothermal processing, which combines heat, moisture, and pressure, has been shown to effectively reduce anti-nutritional compounds such as trypsin inhibitors and lectins, while promoting structural modifications in protein matrices. These changes facilitate improved enzymatic access and nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Evidence from recent studies indicates that such processing can significantly enhance standardized ileal digestibility of essential amino acids, leading to improved protein efficiency and overall performance in laying hens. Furthermore, the review highlights the potential of hydrobarothermal treatment to improve the consistency and nutritional quality of non-GMO SBM, thereby supporting sustainable and efficient poultry production systems. However, the extent of these benefits depends on processing conditions, including temperature, pressure, and duration, which must be carefully optimized to avoid heat damage and amino acid degradation. In conclusion, hydrobarothermal processing represents an effective strategy to enhance the nutritional value of SBM, with significant implications for improving protein utilization in laying hens. Further research is warranted to standardize processing parameters and evaluate long-term effects on productivity and egg quality under commercial conditions.

Keywords: Hydrobarothermal processing; soybean meal; amino acid digestibility; protein utilization; laying hens; non-GMO; anti-nutritional factors; poultry nutrition; feed processing; ileal digestibility.

The Role of Algae Use in Ruminant Nutrition in Reducing Enteric Methane Emissions: A Bibliometric Analysis

2026-04-24T18:09:20+00:00

Ruminant livestock is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions due to methane produced during enteric fermentation. In recent years, the use of algae in ruminant diets has attracted attention because of its potential to reduce methane production. In this study, the literature on the use of algae in ruminant nutrition was analyzed using bibliometric methods. Data were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection database and evaluated using the Biblioshiny (R) program. A total of 129 publications were examined, and the results indicated a marked increase in academic interest in this field in recent years. Keyword analysis revealed that “rumen fermentation,” “methane production,” and “Asparagopsis taxiformis” were the most prominent terms. In conclusion, algae-based feeding strategies stand out as an important research area for sustainable livestock production.

Wool Pellets as a Slow-Release Fertilizer and Potential Insect Management in Sustainable Agriculture

2026-04-24T18:10:56+00:00

Wool biomass is a plentiful but underexploited agricultural by-product with significant promise for sustainable crop production systems. Wool, especially in pelletized form, is abundant in keratin-derived nitrogen and sulfur, making it a promising slow-release fertilizer that can improve soil fertility, water retention, and microbial activity. This review synthesizes current findings on the agronomic uses of wool, emphasizing the morphological and physiological responses of plants to wool pellet amendments and their possible impact on insect populations. Research from both field and controlled research indicates that wool pellets can markedly enhance plant growth metrics, such as biomass accumulation, root development, and nutrient uptake efficiency, mostly owing to their slow nutrient mineralization. Furthermore, wool-based supplements enhance soil structure and moisture retention, hence bolstering plant resilience amid fluctuating environmental conditions. Notwithstanding these advantages, the function of wool pellets in pest management remains little investigated. Anecdotal and preliminary data indicate potential deterrent effects; nevertheless, systematic studies on their influence on insect populations, behavior, and underlying mechanisms are scarce. This review emphasizes the dual capability of wool pellets as a biofertilizer and an element of integrated pest management systems. Nevertheless, significant research deficiencies remain, especially concerning long-term ecological consequences, economic viability, and the uniformity of pest deterrent efficacy across agricultural systems. Rectifying these deficiencies is crucial for standardizing application techniques and completely incorporating wool biomass into circular and sustainable farming processes.

Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Responses to Abiotic Stress: Salinity and Heavy Metals

2026-04-24T18:14:41+00:00

Abiotic stresses are among the major environmental factors limiting plant growth and productivity, including salinity, heavy metal accumulation, drought, and temperature extremes. These stress conditions disrupt cellular homeostasis by affecting ion balance, osmotic regulation, metabolic processes, and gene expression, thereby negatively influencing plant development. Therefore, understanding plant responses to abiotic stress at the molecular level is essential for improving stress tolerance and ensuring sustainable agricultural production. Molecular approaches, particularly gene expression analyses, are effective tools for identifying defense mechanisms and adaptation processes activated under stress conditions. In this review, recent and well-recognized studies on abiotic stress conditions were reviewed, and the key molecular mechanisms and approaches involved in these processes were systematically evaluated. Molecular responses are observed to vary depending on plant species differences and the type and dose of salinity and heavy metal stress and are shaped according to specific stress conditions. This study highlights the importance of molecular responses to abiotic stress and emphasizes that understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing stress-tolerant plant varieties and supporting sustainable agricultural practices.

Changes in the Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Granny Smith Apples Depending on Drying Conditions

2026-04-24T18:18:21+00:00

In this study, the effects of air fryer and hot air drying methods applied at different temperatures (50, 60, and 70°C) on the physicochemical and bioactive properties of Granny Smith apple slices were comparatively investigated. The results showed that the air fryer method provided more effective drying performance compared to hot air drying due to its lower water activity (0.186–0.189) and moisture content (5.72–8.01%). In contrast, samples dried in an hot air drying exhibited higher moisture content (8.40–9.49%). Color parameters were only slightly affected by drying conditions, with increased pigment degradation observed at higher temperatures. The highest total phenolic content was determined in the sample dried at 60°C in the air fryer, and it was observed that moderate temperatures are more suitable for the preservation of phenolic compounds. The fact that antioxidant activity did not show a direct correlation with total phenolic content indicates that thermal treatments affect the structure of antioxidant compounds. Principal component analysis results showed that the samples differed significantly depending on the drying method. Overall, drying at 60°C using an air fryer was determined to be the most suitable condition for both effective drying and the preservation of bioactive compounds.

Effect of Air Fryer Drying Temperature on the Quality Characteristics of Jerusalem Artichoke

2026-04-24T19:42:51+00:00

Jerusalem artichoke has attracted increasing attention in recent years due to its high inulin content and functional properties. However, its high moisture content may lead to quality deterioration and microbial spoilage during storage. In this study, the effects of air fryer drying at different temperatures on the quality characteristics of Jerusalem artichoke were investigated. Jerusalem artichoke samples were sliced and dried in an air fryer at 60, 70, and 80°C until the moisture content decreased below 10%. Moisture content, water activity, ash content, color parameters (L*, a*, and b*), textural properties, and principal component analysis (PCA) were evaluated in the dried samples. The results showed that increasing drying temperature significantly reduced drying time. The shortest drying time was obtained at 80°C, while the longest was observed at 60°C. In all samples, the final moisture content decreased below 10%, and water activity values reached levels that could limit microbial growth. Increasing drying temperature caused a decrease in L* values and an increase in a* and b* values, indicating greater browning and yellowness at higher temperatures. No significant changes were observed in ash content depending on drying temperature. Texture analysis revealed that samples dried at higher temperatures exhibited a harder and more brittle structure. PCA results demonstrated a clear separation of samples according to drying temperature, with color and texture parameters being the main factors affecting sample differentiation. In conclusion, air fryer drying was found to be effective in reducing the moisture content of Jerusalem artichoke to safe levels, while drying temperature played a major role in determining color and textural properties. Drying at 70°C provided a better balance between drying time and product quality.

Potential Utilization of Red Beet Processing By-Products in the Food Industry

2026-04-24T19:44:20+00:00

Red beet processing generates by-products such as peels, pomace, and leaves, which are generally considered waste materials. However, these by-products are rich in dietary fiber, phenolic compounds, betalains, and minerals. Therefore, red beet by-products have significant potential for the food industry in terms of sustainable production and the development of value-added products. In this study, the functional composition, technological properties, and potential food applications of red beet by-products were evaluated based on available literature findings. Dried red beet peel and pomace powders were reported to be rich in total phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, color compounds, and dietary fiber. Due to their high betalain content, these by-products can be considered promising natural colorants and antioxidant sources. Previous studies have shown that the incorporation of red beet by-products into bread, pasta, biscuits, crackers, yogurt, and meat products improves their nutritional value and functional properties. In addition, the use of red beet by-products may enhance antioxidant activity, redness, and dietary fiber content in food products. However, high incorporation levels may negatively affect textural properties and consumer acceptance. In conclusion, available literature indicates that red beet by-products are valuable ingredients that can be used as natural colorants, antioxidants, and fiber sources in the food industry. The reutilization of these by-products may contribute to environmental sustainability and support the development of high-value functional food products.

Gluten-free lentil crackers: Technological and sensory characteristics

2026-04-24T20:47:19+00:00

Lentils (Lens culinaris Medik.), including red-, green-, and black-colored varieties, are one of the most commonly consumed pulses. They are characterized by their great quantity of proteins, fibers, folic acid, minerals, and phenolics. To enhance the nutritional quality of gluten-free crackers, lentils are a functional and inexpensive option. This study examined the impacts of different colored lentil varieties on the technological (color, diameter, thickness, spread ratio, and puffiness) and sensory (color, taste, odor, appearance, crispness, and overall liking) quality of gluten-free crackers. Results showed that the color profile of gluten-free crackers was affected by lentil varieties. The highest L* and hue values were obtained in the control crackers, while the highest b* and SI values were observed in crackers made with red lentil. Lentil crackers elicited a greater diameter than the control. However, the use of lentil varieties did not change the thickness values of crackers compared to the control. The spread ratio value of black lentil crackers was lower than that of red and green lentil crackers. Compared to other lentil varieties, the use of black lentils resulted in the greatest puffiness in crackers. Regarding sensory evaluation, gluten-free crackers prepared from green and black lentils revealed comparable color, taste, odor, appearance, crispness, and overall liking scores to the control. The data obtained in this study illustrated that lentils, especially green- and black-colored varieties, can be promising ingredients for gluten-free products.

Assessing local livelihood and underlying factors for sustainable management of Mangrove forest: Empirical evidence from Satkhira district of Bangladesh

2026-04-24T20:48:23+00:00

The mangrove forest is a unique ecosystem that supports the local livelihoods of economically disadvantaged people who reside in nearby areas. The purpose of this study was to assess the state of local livelihood and the contributing factors in Shyamnagar upazila (sub-district) under Satkhira district due to the complex interplay between the detrimental effects of climate change and the vulnerable rural livelihood. To fulfil the research purpose, we assessed local livelihood conditions and the contributory factors for sustainable forest management by introducing mixed-methods research. The primary data were collected from 70 local residents following simple random sampling method by using a structured questionnaire survey. Besides, we also introduced focus group discussion as a qualitative approach for narrative interpretation of the findings and data triangulation based on the context-specific evidence. The results clarified that the major proportion of the residents (56%) were involved in non-wood forest products (NWFPs) accumulation, indicating poor socio-economic conditions and a high dependency on the mangrove forest. The local households were vulnerable to natural disasters due to lack of income-earning sources and limited ability to adopt climate-resilient livelihood strategies. The factors of land ownership, training exposure, adaptive strategies and access to finance were most crucial for the livelihood conditions of local inhabitants. The policy implications of our study suggest to pay attention to community-centered training and equal access to livelihood assets based on the local demands. Priority should be given to create gender-inclusive income-generating opportunities and enhancing the capacity of economically disadvantaged individuals to increase their adoption of climate-responsive livelihood approaches in the mangrove ecosystems of Bangladesh.

Polystyrene-Induced Renal Oxidative Damage and Inflammation Mediated by PPARγ, IL-17, and MAPK8IP3 in Mice

2026-04-24T20:51:12+00:00

Polystyrene-microplastics (PS-MPs) are pervasive environmental contaminants found in common household items, and their ingestion with dietary intake and water is linked to adverse health effects. Following ingestion, PS-MPs can translocate into the circulatory system and accumulate in tissues including kidney. Twelve 6-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were divided into a control group (n = 6) and a PS-MPs group (n = 6) administered 1 mg/kg/day of PS-MPs via oral gavage. Kidney tissue was subjected to histological analysis and thorough transcriptome profiling to identify dysregulated pathways. Histological examination revealed renal atrophy, hemorrhage, thinning of Bowmen’s capsules, and increased Bowmen’s capsules space in the PS-MPs group. TEM confirmed severe ultrastructural damage, including nuclear deformation, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and mitochondrial cristae disruption. Transcriptome analysis showed significant enrichment in the PPAR, MAPK, and inflammatory response signaling pathways. Key dysregulated genes included PPARG, ACADL, and SCP2 (PPAR pathway); MAPK8IP3, MAPK11, and FGFR1 (MAPK pathway); and LI-17, RELA, and TLR1 (inflammatory response).

This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying PS-MPs-induced kidney injury in a mouse model, with a focus on transcriptomic changes in inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways. In male C57BL/6 mice, PS-MPs exposure induces significant kidney damage at histological, ultrastructural, and molecular levels, dysregulating genes critical to oxidative stress, inflammation, and identifies PPARγ, IL-17 and MAPK8IP3 as pivotal mediators in PS-MPs-induced nephrotoxicity.

Infrastructure As a Catalyst for Economic Growth: A Quantitative Analysis of Padma Bridge of Bangladesh

2026-04-24T20:54:06+00:00

In this study, the impact of the Padma Bridge on the local economy, supply chain and agricultural sector in Sreenager Upazila of Munshiganj District of Bangladesh was analyzed. The launch of the Padma Bridge in June 2022 was one of the major infrastructural achievements of Bangladesh, directly connecting the south-western region with the country's capital. The main objective of the study was to determine how improved communication led to improved business performance, increased revenue and improved market linkages. Usually, the initial 400 pieces of data are collected from respondents, including farmers, businesses and small entrepreneurs. The OLS model is used to analyze data. According to the results, a positive correlation of income with the education sector, reduced transportation costs and time for better communication, makes the local supply chain more efficient and increases market access. The study found that 70% of merchants experienced an increase in sales and 43% an increase in revenue after the opening of the bridge. However, local infrastructure creates new challenges for restrictions and markets. The study concluded that the Padma Bridge acts as an economic catalyst, which accelerates business diversification and agriculture. To ensure long-term sustainable development, it is necessary to develop skills, financial support for small and medium entrepreneurs and adopt policies. In substance, the study shows that the Padma Bridge, a large infrastructure project, can play an important role in the growth of the local and national economy.

Land use and water resources in Africa

2026-04-24T20:55:28+00:00

This paper examines land use policy and agricultural water management in Africa from 1962 to 2011. For this purpose, data were gathered from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Bank Group. Using the FAO database, ten indices were selected: permanent crops to cultivated area (%), rural population to total population (%), total eco nomically active population in agriculture to total eco nomically active population (%), human development index, national rainfall index (mm/year), value added to gross domestic product by agriculture (%), irrigation water requirement (mm/year), percentage of total cultivated area drained (%), difference between national rainfall index and irrigation water requirement (mm/year), area equipped for irrigation to cultivated area or land use policy index (%). These indices were analyzed for all 53 countries in the study area and the land use policy index was estimated by two different formulas. The results show that value of relative error is\20 %. In addition, an average index was calculated using various methods to assess countries’ conditions for agricultural water management. Ability of irrigation and drainage systems was studied using other eight indices with more limited information. These indices are surface irrigation (%), sprinkler irrigation (%), limited irrigation (%), spate irrigation (%), agricultural water withdrawal (10 km3/year), conservation agriculture area as percentage of cultivated area (%), percentage of area equipped for irrigation salinized (%), and area waterlogged by irrigation (%). Finally, tendency of farmers to use irrigation systems for cultivated crops has been presented. The results show that Africa needs governments’ policy to encourage farmers to use irrigation systems and raise cropping intensity for irrigated area.

Efficient recovery of laccase enzyme from mushroom spent and its application in dye biodegradation in wastewater

2026-04-24T20:56:00+00:00

Environmental pollution caused by synthetic dyes, especially azo dyes, poses significant challenges due to their persistence and toxicity in wastewater. This study aimed to extract and evaluate the laccase enzyme from mushroom spent, an underutilized agricultural waste for its potential in dye biodegradation. Spent substrates from Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster mushroom) and Agaricus bisporus (Button mushroom) were collected and processed to extract crude laccase enzyme using sodium acetate buffer under cold conditions. Qualitative screening confirmed the presence of laccase activity, and the extracted crude was tested for its efficiency in degrading bromothymol blue and methyl orange dyes. Among the tested samples, the oyster mushroom spent from Gannoruwa yielded the highest amount of crude enzyme (average 4.18 g per 20 g of spent), whereas the button mushroom spent showed significant dye degradation, achieving up to 48.6% decolorization of bromothymol blue. Notably, the oyster mushroom laccase from Gannoruwa showed promising activity against methyl orange (60.13% degradation), but not bromothymol blue. The study also highlighted the importance of parameters such as pH and temperature in maintaining enzymatic activity, with optimal degradation observed at pH 4.5. These findings suggest that mushroom spent is a viable and sustainable source of laccase for eco-friendly dye wastewater treatment. However, future studies should focus on enzyme purification, activity quantification, and testing with a broader range of dyes for industrial application.

The Effects of Human Development Index Regions on Consumer Preferences and Chicken Meat Consumption Habits

2026-04-24T20:57:43+00:00

This study aimed to investigate the impact of Human Development Index (HDI) regional group classifications on consumers' poultry product consumption habits. The research material consisted of data obtained from a total of 435 face-to-face surveys conducted with consumers living in Ankara province. Districts were divided into four groups based on the 2017 Human Development Index data: very high, high, medium, and low. Descriptive statistics, along with the Chi-square test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Duncan's multiple comparison test, were used in the analysis of the data. According to the research results, there was no statistically significant difference between HDI groups in terms of the share allocated to chicken meat in monthly food expenditures and perceptions regarding chicken meat prices (P>0.05). However, significant differences were determined between regions in terms of the way chicken meat is purchased (P<0.05).

The Effect of Income Level on Poultry Product Consumption

2026-04-24T20:59:00+00:00

This study investigated the impact of income levels on chicken meat consumption preferences, purchasing behaviors, and consumption quantities of consumers living in Ankara. The study material consisted of data obtained from face-to-face surveys conducted with 435 consumers selected using a random sampling method. The data were analyzed using SPSS software; descriptive statistics, Chi-Square independence test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Duncan test were applied. According to the findings, statistically significant relationships were found between income groups and the share of chicken meat in monthly food expenditures, as well as perceptions of chicken meat prices (P<0.05). In conclusion, it was shown that income level is a significant determinant of chicken meat prices.

TUN Assessment of Tocopherols Content in Five Tunisian Pepper Landraces

2026-04-24T21:00:43+00:00

Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) are an important source of bioactive compounds, including tocopherols, which are lipid-soluble antioxidants essential for human health. This study evaluated the tocopherol composition (α-, β-, γ-, and total tocopherols) in five Tunisian pepper genotypes (Baklouti, Beldi, Nabeul, Marconi, and Super Marconi) grown under open-field conditions. α-Tocopherol was the predominant isoform, with the highest levels observed in Beldi (30.93 mg kg⁻¹ FW) and Nabeul (26.92 mg kg⁻¹ FW), whereas β- and γ-tocopherols were present in lower amounts. Significant variation in total tocopherol content among genotypes reflects the combined influence of genetic and environmental factors. The results highlight the nutritional and antioxidant potential of local Tunisian pepper landraces and provide valuable information for breeding programs aimed at enhancing vitamin E content. These findings support the role of pepper fruits as functional foods capable of contributing to human health and oxidative stress prevention.

TUN Effect of Pepper Genotype and Processing Conditions on Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Tunisian Harissa

2026-04-24T21:02:04+00:00

Harissa, a traditional Tunisian red pepper paste, is widely appreciated for its sensory attributes and potential health benefits linked to its rich phytochemical composition. This study investigated the combined effects of pepper genotype (local vs. hybrid) and processing conditions on physicochemical properties, phytochemical content, and antioxidant activity of harissa. Two types of harissa were produced: LTH (local traditional harissa) and HTH (hybrid traditional harissa). Physicochemical analysis revealed no significant differences in pH (4.96) and titratable acidity (0.14%) between samples, while LTH exhibited higher total soluble solids and slightly greater ascorbic acid content. Phytochemical analysis showed that LTH had significantly higher total phenolic (325.74 ± 20.55 mg GAE/kg FW) and carotenoid contents (573.95 ± 10.11 mg β-CarE/kg FW) compared to HTH (270.42 ± 20.66 mg GAE/kg FW and 541.88 ± 8.61 mg β-CarE/kg FW, respectively), indicating better preservation of heat-sensitive bioactive compounds under milder processing conditions. In contrast, HTH demonstrated significantly higher hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant activities, suggesting that more intense processing may enhance antioxidant capacity through the formation of new antioxidant compounds or improved extractability. These findings highlight the complex interplay between raw material and processing conditions in determining the functional quality of harissa. Optimizing processing parameters may therefore allow for improved retention of bioactive compounds while maintaining or enhancing antioxidant functionality.

Drought Analysis and Performance Evaluation in Niğde Province Using Different Drought Indices

2026-05-24T20:55:04+00:00

In this study, drought conditions in Niğde province were analyzed using different drought indices, and their regional performances were comparatively evaluated. Long-term meteorological data for the period 1960–2021 were used. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI), and UNEP Aridity Index were applied.SPI and RDI were evaluated at 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month time scales to determine temporal variability, while the UNEP Aridity Index was calculated based on precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PET). PET values were estimated using the Hargreaves method via the Drinc software.The results indicate that arid and semi-arid conditions dominate in Niğde province. While short-term fluctuations are evident, long-term analyses reveal a more pronounced drought tendency. In particular, the 9- and 12-month results highlight a persistent drought risk. The UNEP Aridity Index findings support these results.The consistency among the indices enhances the reliability of the analysis and confirms that Niğde is a drought-sensitive region. These findings provide important implications for sustainable water resource management.

Food Inflation, Exchange Rates, and Global Commodity Shocks: A Comparative Analysis of Türkiye and Pakistan

2026-04-25T16:49:13+00:00

Abstract

This study analyzes the determinants of domestic food price inflation in Pakistan and Türkiye over the years 2000 to 2004, including the role of exchange rates, monetary policy, global commodity prices, and the global food price index. As for Pakistan, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is employed to estimate short-run and long-run trends via the error correction mechanism (ECM) amid a unit root test confirming all variables as a mix of I (0) and I (1). However, in the case of Türkiye, the variables failed to meet stationarity criteria, and because of the presence of I (2) integration in the food price index and policy rate, only short-run differenced regression with Newey-West robust errors was estimated, while long-run ARDL became econometrically invalid. The findings reveal that in both countries the primary inflationary driver is exchange rate depreciation, with Türkiye having a strong, almost complete short-run pass-through (β ≈ 0.97) and Pakistan with a strong long-run effect (β ≈ 0.80). Furthermore, global food price volatility is significantly impacting inflation in Pakistan in the long run and is marginally significant in Türkiye in the short run. However, the monetary stance has an insignificant effect in both countries. Overall, in Pakistan the food inflation is structurally driven, while in Türkiye it is because of the shocks and volatility. To control the inflationary pressures, the policies should be diverted towards exchange rate stabilization, targeted import hedging, and supply chain risk management.

Keywords: Food Price Inflation; Exchange Rate Pass-Through; Monetary Policy; ARDL; Global Commodity Prices; FAO-FPI; Pakistan; Türkiye; COVID-19.

Antifungal Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Gmelina arborea Roxb. ex Sm. AGAINST Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl Causing Damping -Off Disease

2026-04-25T16:32:38+00:00

Fusarium oxysporum, the causal agent of damping-off disease, is a destructive soilborne pathogen that significantly reduces seedling establishment and crop yield. Although synthetic fungicides remain effective in controlling this pathogen, their continuous and excessive use has led to challenges such as resistance development, environmental pollution, and health hazards. In this study, the antifungal activity of methanolic leaf extract of Gmelina arborea Roxb. ex Sm. was evaluated against F. oxysporum causing damping off disease. Fresh leaves of Gmelina arborea were collected, authenticated, dried, and extracted using 70% methanol by maceration. Pure strains of Fusarium oxysporum were obtained and identified from Mycology Laboratory, Department of Crop protection, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Phytochemical screening of Gmelina arborea leaf extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides, while anthraquinones were absent. Quantitative analysis showed high levels of flavonoids (125.41 mg/g) and phenols (124.98 mg/g), both known for their antimicrobial activity. The antifungal effect of the extract was tested in vitro by incorporating graded concentrations (5–25 mg/mL) into potato dextrose agar and monitoring mycelial growth inhibition. Results demonstrated a concentration-dependent effect, with maximum inhibition (68.3%) observed at 20 mg/mL. Interestingly, inhibition decreased at 25 mg/mL (54.9%), possibly due to antagonistic interactions at higher concentrations. These findings demonstrate that G. arborea possesses promising antifungal potential against F. oxysporum. The presence of bioactive phytochemicals, particularly flavonoids and phenols, likely accounts for the observed inhibitory effects. Therefore, the extract could serve as a natural alternative to synthetic fungicides in the management of damping-off disease.

Potential and Future Prospects for Using Certain Organic Acids in Sustainable Horticultural Crop Culture

2026-04-25T16:48:06+00:00

In modern horticultural production, minimizing the use of chemical inputs to protect soil health is a cornerstone of sustainability. In this context, humic, fulvic, and low molecular weight organic acids (citric, malic, amino acids, etc.) are widely discussed in the literature as biostimulants that promote plant growth. Low molecular weight organic acids temporarily lower the pH in the root zone, facilitating the chelation and uptake of microelements such as phosphorus and iron bound in the soil. Amino acid and fulvic acid applications activate the plant's antioxidant defense system (enzyme activities such as SOD, POD, and CAT) against stress factors such as drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures.Scientific studies have proven that organic acids increase chlorophyll synthesis, optimize photosynthetic activity, and promote the accumulation of sugars and vitamin C in fruits. In the future, the integration of organic acid applications with "Precision Agriculture" technologies is expected.In particular, it is predicted that nanobiotechnology, through the controlled release of organic acids to targeted tissues via nano-carriers, will be an application method that increases effectiveness while reducing application doses. Furthermore, one of the biggest expectations for the near future is that "biological cocktails," combining microbial synergies in nature—plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR)—and organic acids will be the strongest candidates to replace chemical fertilizers. In addition, it is thought that the development of specific organic acid formulations, acting as "plant vaccines" against the irreversible environmental stresses caused by the accelerating climate change the world has been experiencing in recent years, will be critically important for global food security. Organic acid applications are not only a means of increasing yield but also a sustainable management strategy that protects the ecosystem. Future research is expected to focus on the effects of acids on molecular-level signal transduction pathways.

This article evaluates the effects of organic acids on plant physiology and their potential future uses.

Sustainable Agriculture, Biostimulants, Organic Acids, Nutrient Availability, Plant Physiology.

Enzyme Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds From Mandarin Peels

2026-05-21T10:59:32+00:00

In this research, enzyme assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from mandarin peels were studied, and ideal extraction conditions were determined to extract phenolic compounds with high yield from them. It was determined that the extraction time and liquid/solid ratio for the peel were 60 minutes and 10 liquid/solid (mL/g), enzyme activity was 0.13 U/mL. Under these conditions, extracted total phenolic compounds from mandarin peels were found as 1.83 mg GAE/mL, while their extracted total flavonoid compounds were determined as 1.42 mg QE/mL. It was found that total phenolic and flavonoid yields and antioxidant activities of the extracts obtained enzymatically were higher than those obtained by conventional extraction methods. The results showed that enzyme assisted extraction method was suitable method to obtain bioactive compounds from mandarin peels.

Value-Added Marketing Strategies in Traditional Dairy Products: Geographical Indication, Branding, and Storytelling

2026-04-25T16:51:42+00:00

Traditional dairy products constitute an important element of cultural heritage and rural economies, particularly in regions with strong gastronomic traditions. In increasingly competitive and globalized markets, the sustainability and market success of these products depend on the implementation of value-added marketing strategies. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the literature on three key strategies—geographical indication (GI), branding, and storytelling—in the context of traditional dairy products. The study adopts a narrative literature review approach, examining national and international studies that address the role of these strategies in enhancing product value, differentiation, and consumer perception. Geographical indications are discussed as tools for protecting origin, authenticity, and quality, while branding is evaluated in terms of creating market recognition and competitive advantage. Storytelling is analyzed as a means of conveying cultural identity, tradition, and production processes, thereby strengthening emotional engagement with consumers. The findings of the review indicate that integrating GI certification, effective branding strategies, and storytelling practices contributes significantly to increasing perceived product value, consumer trust, and willingness to pay a premium. Furthermore, these strategies support not only economic sustainability but also the preservation of cultural heritage and the development of rural areas. In conclusion, the study highlights the importance of a holistic and integrated marketing approach in promoting traditional dairy products and suggests directions for future research and practical applications.

Keywords: Traditional dairy products, geographical indication, branding, storytelling

Effect of Sweet Potato Flour Addition on Batter Quality and Oil Absorption of Fried Chicken Drumsticks

2026-04-25T16:53:43+00:00

Among different broiler chicken products, batter-coated fried chicken drumsticks are widely consumed. Deep-fat frying is known to increase oil absorption, which may cause adverse health effects. This study evaluated the effect of sweet potato flour (SPF) as a partial substitute for wheat flour (WF) on batter quality, oil absorption, and sensory acceptability of deep-fat-fried chicken drumsticks. Fresh chicken drumsticks (110.0 ± 8.72 g; Ross 308, unsexed chicken) were used. Batter was prepared with WF and SPF in different proportions. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replicates per treatment. Treatments consisted of different WF and SPF ratios: T1 (100% WF; Control), T2 (75% WF%: 25% SPF), T3 (50% WF: 50% SPF), T4 (25% WF: 75% SPF), and T5 (100% SPF). Batter-coated drumsticks were examined for their proximate composition, gross energy (GE), physicochemical parameters, and sensory attributes. Results revealed that GE and moisture content were influenced by the treatments (P<0.05). Crude protein content in the coated drumsticks decreased with increasing SPF levels (P<0.05). Inclusion of SPF in batter reduced crude fat compared to the control (P<0.05). Ash content was similar across all the treatments (P>0.05), whereas the crude fiber increased with increasing SPF inclusion (P<0.05). Batter pickup, frying yield, frying loss, pH, and water-holding capacity were similar across treatments (P>0.05). Texture profile and instrumental color values (L*, a*, b*) were not affected by SPF incorporation (P>0.05). Sensory evaluation indicated that there were no differences in appearance, color, or aroma (P>0.05) among the treatments. Sensory evaluation revealed that T2 reported the highest scores for crispiness and texture, while T4 reported the highest ratings for flavor and overall acceptability. In conclusion, substituting WF with 75% SPF can be recommended as the optimal formulation while maintaining product quality and sensory acceptability in fried chicken drumsticks.

Keywords: Batter-coated chicken drumsticks, Deep-fat frying, Oil absorption, Sweet potato flour, Wheat flour

Phenological and Yield Attributes variation of Nepalese Rice Landraces in Madhesh Province, Nepal

2026-04-25T16:54:50+00:00

Background: Madhesh Province of Nepal is recognized as a rich repository of traditional crop landraces due to its diverse agro-ecological conditions, long history of cultivation, and farmer-led selection practices. Rice landraces possess valuable genetic variability, but their performance under field conditions needs proper evaluation. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the phenological traits, yield attributes, and productivity of Nepalese rice landraces.

Methods: The field experiment was conducted at the farm of the College of Natural Resource Management (CNRM), Bardibas, Mahottari, Madhesh Province from June to November 2025. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two replications. A total of thirty rice landraces were transplanted at a spacing of 20 × 20 cm. Recommended agronomic practices were followed. Phenological and yield-related data were recorded at different growth stages and analyzed statistically.

Results: The results showed significant variation among the landraces. Days to flowering ranged from 86 to 101 DAT, and maturity ranged from 117 to 129 DAT. Yield and yield-attributing traits were significantly different at the 5% level of significance. Panicle length ranged from 19.2 to 27.1 cm, grains per panicle from 44 to 139, and test weight from 17.9 to 36.12 g. Among the landraces, Harinkith recorded the highest grain yield (4.05 t/ha), followed by Lajhi (3.98 t/ha), while Akshaviya produced the lowest yield (0.79 t/ha). Biomass yield varied from 11.12 t/ha (Aangaa) to 39.03 t/ha (Dewosar). The highest harvest index was observed in Harinkith (18.39%), followed by Gahuma (14.34%), whereas the lowest was recorded in Bangaliya (4.86%).

Conclusion: The study demonstrated significant variability among rice landraces in terms of phenology, yield attributes, and productivity. Under the given conditions, Harinkith emerged as a promising landrace. However, further multi-location trials and participatory evaluations are recommended to confirm its adaptability and acceptability among farmers.

Keywords: Rice landraces, phenology, yield attributes, grain yield, harvest index

Response of Bio-fertilizer and Plant Density in Early Growth and Germination Diversity of Sunflower

2026-04-25T16:56:44+00:00

Background: Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an important oilseed crop valued for its high-quality edible oil. In Nepal, rising demand for edible oil necessitates increased domestic production, particularly in Madhesh Province, which has strong cultivation potential. However, soil infertility and low germination often reduce plant stand and yield. Therefore, this study hypothesizes that the use of bio-fertilizers and optimal spacing can improve seedling growth and enhances yield.

Methods: The field experiment was conducted at farm of College of Natural Resource Management, Bardibas, Mahottari, Madhesh Province during February to March 2026. The field experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications to study the effects of plant spacing (15×10 cm, 15×15 cm, 15×2.5 cm, and 15×5 cm) and bio-fertilizer application on germination and growth of sunflower seed. Germination diversity and growth parameter were collected and analyzed by Genstat ver 2015.

Results: The results showed that both plant spacing and bio-fertilizer significantly affected most of the observed parameters. Bio-fertilizer along with (15×5cm) spacing shows higher germination (78%) followed by (15×15cm) spacing (71%) and lowest by spacing (15×2.5 cm). The spacing (15×5cm) with bio-fertilizer also improved growth traits such as root length (29.67 cm), shoot length (15.46 cm), total plant length(73.56 cm), leaf area(58.11cm²), and seedling vigor index. Closer spacing (15×2.5 cm) showed lower growth performance, although it performed better in some vigor indices.

Conclusion: The combined effect of spacing and bio-fertilizer played a significant role in influencing several traits. Among all treatments, (15×5 cm) spacing with bio-fertilizer gave the best results for sunflower growth.

Key words: Bio-fertilizer, plant density, germination, growth parameter, sunflower, oilseeds

Comparative Study of Growth and Yield Characteristics of Barley Genotypes in Field Conditions

2026-04-25T16:57:54+00:00

Background: Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is the oldest cultivated cereal crops and has played a major role in human agriculture for thousands of years. Improving its productivity require identifying genotypes with superior growth, yield, and yield attributing traits.

Methods: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of different rice genotypes based on growth, yield, and yield-attributing traits under replicated conditions.20 barley genotypes was used in experiment with two replications. Data were recorded on plant height at 52, 70, 82, and 104 days DAS, number of tillers, straw yield, grain yield, moisture content, and harvest index.

Results: Considerable variation was observed among genotypes for all measured traits. Plant height at 104 DAS ranged from 56.72 cm (NDV-2) to 92.48 cm (Xvcola-15), indicating differences in growth vigor. The highest number of tillers was recorded in NGRC 5997 (up to 219), followed by NGRC 6013 (up to 208). Grain yield ranged from 0.24 to 0.90 kg per plot, with Khadak Local producing the highest yield (0.72–0.90 kg), followed by NDB-1 (0.69–0.72 kg). Straw yield was highest in NDB-1 (up to 1.73 kg) and Khadak Local (up to 1.68 kg). The maximum 1000-seed weight was recorded in NDV-2 (about 44 g), indicating bold grains. Harvest index ranged from 18.54% to 34.88%, with Khadak Local and NGRC 7582 showing relatively higher efficiency.

Conclusion: Khadak Local, NDB-1 perform better in terms of grain yield, while NGRC 5997 and NGRC 6013 excelled in tillering capacity. These genotypes can be considered promising for further evaluation and potential use in rice improvement programs.

Microbial Seed Microbial Priming Enhanced the Germination and Early Seedling Growth of Sunflower

2026-04-25T16:59:25+00:00

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is a major oilseed crop valued for its high-quality edible oil, yet its productivity is often constrained by poor and uneven seed germination under field conditions. Bio-priming is an emerging and eco-friendly approach used to improve seed germination, seedling vigor, and overall crop performance. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of bio-priming on germination and seedling growth of sunflower at Lab of College of Natural Resource Management, Bardibas, Mahottari during February-March, 2026. Modern dwarf variety was used in experiment using seven treatments (All microbes @10%, Azotobacter@10%, Beauveria@10%, cow urine@5%, Hydro-priming@10%, Metarhizium@10%, and Pseudomonas@10%) and four replications in Complete Randomized Design. The seeds were soaked for 12 hours in a priming solution and dried at room temperature for 2 hours. Germination diversity and growth parameter were collected and analyzed by Genstat ver 2015.The results revealed significant variation to all parameter except mean germination time. Seed priming with Azotobacter@10% resulted in the highest germination percentage (92.5%), mean leaf area (9.74 cm square), leaf area index (2.29), and seed vigor index-l (1061), while indicating superior seedling vigor and early plant growth. Metarhizium@10% produced the maximum root length (5.12 cm) and shoot length (6.93 cm), suggesting improved seedling development. Beauveria@10% showed the highest leaf number (4.10). However, cow urine@5% exhibited comparatively lower values for several growth parameters. Azotobacter@10% provides the most effective in improving germination and growth parameter and should be tested in large plot for validation.

Effects of calcium, boron, and microbial fertilizer applications on yield and quality of radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

2026-04-25T17:00:26+00:00

In this study, the effects of calcium, boron, and microbial fertilizer applications on growth, yield, and physiological characteristics of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) were investigated. The experiment was conducted during the autumn–winter growing season of 2025–2026 in Korkuteli district of Antalya, Türkiye, using a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments (control, calcium, calcium + boron, calcium + microbial fertilizer, and calcium + boron + microbial fertilizer) and three replications. The temporal changes in leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD) and electrolyte leakage (EL) were evaluated during the last four weeks prior to harvest. Significant differences were observed among treatments in terms of SPAD values, with the highest chlorophyll content obtained under calcium application. Electrolyte leakage values varied depending on the treatments, and the highest EL values were recorded in the control treatment. Significant differences were also found among treatments for growth and yield parameters at harvest. The highest root weight (73.58 g) and root length (55.09 mm) were obtained from the combined application of calcium, boron, and microbial fertilizer. Overall, combined fertilization significantly improved yield parameters, while calcium played a key role in enhancing chlorophyll content and maintaining membrane stability by reducing electrolyte leakage.

Microbial Phytase as a Strategy to Improve Phytate Degradation and Mineral Utilization in Equine Nutrition

2026-04-25T17:01:49+00:00

Ensuring efficient mineral absorption remains a persistent challenge in equine nutrition due to the limited capacity of horses to degrade phytate-bound nutrients in plant-based feeds. Recent interest in enzyme-based supplementation highlights microbial phytase as a promising tool to enhance the release of phytate‑complexed minerals. This study examines the concept of super‑dosing phytase supplementing the enzyme at levels substantially above conventional doses as a strategy to maximize phytate hydrolysis and improve mineral availability in the equine digestive tract. Elevated phytase activity may promote earlier and more extensive degradation of phytate, supporting improved phosphorus and calcium absorption and increasing the bio accessibility of key trace elements. Furthermore, reducing intact phytate may alleviate its inhibitory effects on digestive efficiency, potentially improving protein and carbohydrate utilization. Enhanced mineral uptake resulting from super‑dosing could also contribute to lower faecal mineral output, supporting more sustainable nutrient management in equine production systems. Collectively, these insights suggest that phytase super‑dosing represents a promising nutritional approach for optimizing mineral efficiency and mitigating environmental losses in horses.

Artificial Intelligence Applications in Sustainable Agriculture

2026-04-25T17:03:53+00:00

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into agriculture has emerged as a transformative approach to addressing global challenges such as food security, climate change, and resource scarcity. This study explores the role of AI-driven technologies in enhancing agricultural productivity, efficiency, and sustainability. By leveraging machine learning algorithms, remote sensing, and data analytics, modern farming systems can optimize irrigation, fertilization, pest control, and crop monitoring processes. AI-based decision support systems enable farmers to make data-driven decisions by analyzing real-time environmental and soil conditions. Precision agriculture techniques, supported by AI, contribute to reducing input costs while increasing yield and minimizing environmental impact. Furthermore, predictive models help anticipate weather patterns, disease outbreaks, and crop performance, allowing proactive management strategies. The paper also examines the adoption barriers of AI technologies in agriculture, including high implementation costs, lack of technical expertise, and data accessibility issues. Despite these challenges, ongoing advancements in digital infrastructure and increasing awareness among stakeholders are accelerating AI adoption in rural and developing regions. In conclusion, AI presents significant opportunities for transforming traditional agricultural practices into more efficient and sustainable systems. Future research should focus on developing accessible, cost-effective AI solutions tailored to small-scale farmers, ensuring equitable benefits across the agricultural sector. The integration of AI with interdisciplinary approaches will play a crucial role in shaping the future of global food systems.

Age-related behavioral activity and welfare status in broilers with different growth profiles

2026-04-25T17:05:33+00:00

This study was designed to determine the age-related behavioral patterns exhibited by different broiler genotypes with different growth profiles (A1, ANADOLU-T dam line: 61.6 g/day; A2, ANADOLU-T dam line: 59.2 g/day; B2, ANADOLU-T sire line: 70.1 g/day; ROSS-308, hybrid: 75.2 g/day) throughout the growth period (2-6 weeks) and to reveal the phenotypic correlations between behavioral and welfare traits (foot-pad dermatitis: FPD, hock burn: HB, breast burn: BB, finger crookedness: FC, valgus-varus deformity: VVD). The BW was higher in ROSS-308 at all ages, reaching 2587 g, 2486 g, 2944 g, and 3158 g at 6 weeks for the A1, A2, B2, and ROSS-308 genotype, respectively (P<0.001). While the effect of genotype remained limited on main time budget components such as resting (P=0.2067) and locomotion (P=0.5996), significant differences were observed in standing (P<0.001), drinking (P<0.001), and foraging (P=0.0209). As age progressed, active behaviors decreased across all genotypes, while inactive behaviors reached levels of 85-90% by the 6th week. Time of day influenced behavioral patterns; inactivity increased during evening hours, whereas comfort and active behaviors decreased. Regarding welfare status, distinct differences were observed among genotypes in the prevalence of FPD (P=0.0013), HB (P=0.0141), and BB (P<0.001). Contact dermatitis scores were higher in the ROSS308 and B2 genotypes (HB Score 1: 80.0% and 75.5%, respectively). Correlation analyses revealed significant negative weekly relationships between active behaviors and both HB and total welfare scores, while positive relationships were found with inactive behaviors (as scores increased, activity levels decreased). In conclusion, although the behavioral repertoires of the broiler genotypes exhibited similar trends with advancing age, high body weight, and genetic profile were found to be decisive risk factors for welfare indicators such as contact dermatitis rather than behavioral activity.

Assessment of River Floodplains in Sinop Province under Climate Change Scenarios: The Case of Merkez, Gerze and Dikmen Districts

2026-04-25T17:06:37+00:00

A fluvial flood is an event where a river overflows its banks, inundating surrounding areas. Fluvial floods occur as a result of excessive rainfall. The development of settlements along riverbeds leads to loss of life and property, submerging agricultural lands, and causing infrastructure damage. To protect against floods, it is crucial to understand the characteristics of people and property that may be exposed to flooding and to determine their vulnerability. This study identifies potential flood spread areas in the densely populated and tourism-prone districts of Sinop province, specifically in the Merkez and Gerze districts, and the Dikmen district, which experienced a flood in 2013, as a result of climate change. The FastFlood software, capable of two-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling, was used to determine flood spread. The impact of climate change on future precipitation amounts has been determined within the framework of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) scenarios, based on recurrence intervals of 5, 10, 25, and 50 years, and flood spread areas and flood level heights for 2030, 2050, and 2080 have been determined. According to the results of the study, it is predicted that increased flood flows in densely populated areas may pose risks to people and property. It is believed that the developed flood spread model can be used by local governments in decision-making support mechanisms and can play an effective role in disaster management.

GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Making And Fuzzy Logic Approaches For Multi-Hazard Flood And Flash Flood Risk Exposure Assessment In Sinop Province, Türkiye

2026-04-25T17:07:32+00:00

A flood refers to the sudden and excessive rise in water levels in a riverbed due to excessive rainfall, while an inundation refers to the spread of water rising from the riverbed, inundating the surrounding area. The haphazard construction of housing in river basins to meet the needs of the growing population increases the number of people exposed to floods and inundations, while also causing greater property damage. In this study, the flood and inundation risk exposures of Sinop province, which has recently been exposed to flood and inundation disasters due to the effects of climate change, were determined using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), multi-criteria decision-making analyses, and Fuzzy Logic methods. Different parameters, such as slope, rainfall, distance from the river, aspect, and land use, were used to determine sensitivity values. Membership functions of the parameters were assigned according to the characteristics of the research area and the literature review. The overlay process was performed using the GAMMA and AND operators. Flood, inundation, and integrated flood and inundation risk exposure value maps were obtained from the research. Risk exposure values indicate areas with high, medium, and low susceptibility to flood hazards. It is observed that flood risk exposure is significantly increased in areas close to rivers and with low slopes. The high-risk category of settlements resulting from land use necessitates the implementation of preventative measures in these areas. According to the findings, flood risk exposure in Sinop province is not spatially homogeneous, but is concentrated in sloping and high-altitude areas, as well as in basin and valley bottoms.

Effect of Roasting Methods and Microwave-Assisted Extraction on the Bioactive Compounds of Date Seeds

2026-04-25T17:09:46+00:00

In this study, phenolic compounds were extracted from unroasted and roasted date seeds by microwave-assisted (300, 450, 600, and 800W) method, and their changes were investigated. TPC values ranged from 6628.89 to 9763.29 mg GAE/100 g dry weight. DPPH inhibition values ranged from 44.78% to 58.17%, with the highest antioxidant activity observed in the traditional roasting samples extracted at 800 W for 2 min. Generally, unroasted samples gave higher TPC results than traditional and microwave roasting. On the other hand, traditional roasting samples gave higher antioxidant activity results. HPLC analysis showed that rutin was the predominant phenolic compound in unroasted date seeds. Gallic acid and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid became detectable after roasting and reached their highest concentrations in traditional roasting samples. PCA, as a multivariate analysis, was a successful method for the classification of the unroasted, traditional roasting, and microwave-roasting samples based on TPC and antioxidant activity.

Multivariate Evalutaion of Physicochemical Properties of Functional Vegetable Powders

2026-04-25T17:10:33+00:00

This study focuses on the development and characterization of functional vegetable powders obtained from freeze-dried red and purple vegetables. Due to their high content of bioactive compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, vegetables like black carrot, red cabbage, red beetroot, and waste from fermented black carrot have attracted increasing attention as potential functional food ingredients. In this research, selected vegetables were freeze-dried, ground into powder form, and analyzed for their bioactive properties. Total phenolic content ranged from 16,012.02 to 44,001.09 mg GAE/kg, with the highest values observed in red cabbage (44,001.09 mg GAE/kg) and black carrot (40,460.11 mg GAE/kg). Antioxidant activity, determined by the DPPH assay, ranged from 22.88% to 51.84% inhibition, with black carrot (51.84%) and red cabbage (51.20%) showing the strongest activity. Total monomeric anthocyanin content ranged from 54.27 to 1,873.20 mg Cy3G/100 g, with the highest level detected in red cabbage samples. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to evaluate differences and establish relationships between chemical composition and functional properties. Overall, the findings demonstrate that freeze-dried vegetable powders are promising natural sources of bioactive compounds and can be used to develop functional food formulations. The study also highlights the potential of valorizing vegetable-based materials, including waste-derived sources, to enhance sustainability and nutritional quality.

From Awareness to Behavior: A Qualitative Investigation of Food Waste Behaviors in the Context of Environmental Consciousness and Dietary Practices

2026-05-01T21:39:52+00:00

From Awareness to Behavior: A Qualitative Investigation of Food Waste Behaviors in the Context of Environmental Consciousness and Dietary Practices

Abstract

This study aims to examine individuals’ food waste behaviors in depth within the framework of environmental awareness and dietary practices. The increasing level of food waste on a global scale not only leads to significant economic losses but also contributes to the depletion of natural resources and the rise in greenhouse gas emissions. In response to this critical environmental issue, the present study investigates the relationship between individuals’ levels of environmental awareness and their daily food consumption behaviors from a qualitative perspective. The research was designed using a phenomenological approach. Data were collected through semi-structured, in-depth interviews. The participants, selected through purposive sampling and representing diverse socio-demographic characteristics, were interviewed to explore themes such as environmental consciousness, perceptions of sustainable nutrition, awareness of food waste, daily consumption practices, and behavioral barriers. Data obtained from 25 participants were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings reveal that the majority of participants perceive food waste as an environmental problem; however, this awareness does not consistently translate into daily behaviors. The “awareness–behavior gap” is particularly associated with habits, time constraints, and unplanned consumption patterns. Nevertheless, some participants demonstrated sustainable practices such as reusing leftovers, purchasing only what is needed, and making environmentally friendly choices. However, the continuity of these behaviors was found to be limited. In conclusion, the study indicates that environmental awareness alone is insufficient to reduce food waste; structural, educational, and policy interventions that support behavioral change are also necessary. The findings highlight the need for multidimensional strategies to promote sustainable nutrition and consumption behaviors.

Keywords: Food waste, Environmental awareness, Sustainable environment, Sustainable nutrition

Farkındalıktan Davranışa: Çevresel Bilinç ve Beslenme Pratikleri Bağlamında Gıda İsrafı Davranışlarının Nitel İncelenmesi

Özet

Bu çalışma, bireylerin gıda israfı davranışlarını çevresel farkındalık ve beslenme uygulamaları kapsamında derinlemesine incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Küresel ölçekte artan gıda israfı, bir taraftan ekonomik kayıplara sebep olurken diğer taraftan doğal kaynakların tükenmesine ve sera gazı emisyonlarının artmasına yol açmaktadır. Bu önemli bir çevresel sorun karşısında bu çalışma bireylerin çevresel farkındalık düzeyleri ile günlük gıda tüketim davranışları arasındaki ilişkiyi nitel bir perspektifle incelemiştir. Yapılan araştırma, fenomenolojik desen çerçevesinde tasarlanmıştır. Veriler yarı yapılandırılmış derinlemesine görüşmeler aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Amaçlı örnekleme yöntemiyle belirlenen ve farklı sosyo-demografik özellikler gösteren katılımcılarla gerçekleştirilen görüşmelerde; çevresel bilinç, sürdürülebilir beslenme algısı, gıda israfı farkındalığı, günlük tüketim pratikleri ve davranışsal engeller gibi temalar incelenmiştir. 25 katılımcıdan elde edilen veriler tematik analiz yöntemiyle çözümlenmiştir. Katılımcıların büyük çoğunluğunun gıda israfını çevresel bir sorun olarak tanımladığını, ancak bu farkındalığın günlük davranışlara her zaman yansımadığını ortaya koymaktadır. “Farkındalık–davranış açığı” özellikle alışkanlıklar, zaman kısıtı ve plansız tüketim davranışlarıyla ilişkilendirilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, bazı katılımcıların artan yemekleri değerlendirme, ihtiyaç kadar satın alma ve çevre dostu tercihler yapma gibi sürdürülebilir uygulamalar geliştirdiği görülmüştür. Ancak bu davranışların sürekliliğinin sınırlı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma gıda israfının azaltılmasında yalnızca çevresel farkındalığın yeterli olmadığını; bireysel davranış değişimini destekleyen yapısal, eğitsel ve politik müdahalelere de ihtiyaç duyulduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Çalışma, sürdürülebilir beslenme ve tüketim davranışlarının geliştirilmesine yönelik çok boyutlu stratejilerin gerekliliğine dikkat çekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Gıda israfı, Çevresel farkındalık, Sürdürülebilir çevre, Sürdürülebilir beslenme

Development of novel silver and zinc nanobiocomposites by Mastic gum (Pistacia lentiscus) and impregnation on surgical sutures for accelerated wound healing: Characterization, Biological and Cytocompatibility studies.

2026-05-01T21:41:21+00:00

Background: Bacterial adherence to sutures is one of the main causes of surgical site infections. An antibacterial suture material with enhanced wound healing function may protect the surgical site from various microbial infections. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the synergistic effect of biogenic metallic nanoparticles when combined with sutures for biomedical use. Methods: In the present research, we developed Silver (Ag), and zinc oxide (ZnO) based surgical sutures for the accelerated wound healing. Sutures fabricated with biogenic metallic nanoparticles were intensively characterized using UV-Vis, FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) along with zeta sizer and its biological potential were assessed by In-vitro and In-vivo studies. Results: Color change from transparent to dark, and infra-red spectra with Ag and ZnO-bond stretches at confirmed the synthesis of NPs. The XRD analysis revealed sharp peaks which indicates the crystalline structure of biogenic nanoparticles. These mastic gum based NPs coated sutures show excellent antioxidant activities confirmed by DPPH radical scavenging assay. The agar well diffusion method was used to check the antibacterial potential against selected bacterial strains that are commonly found in infectious wounds such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus Subtilis, Proteus mirabilis, Staph aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their zones of inhibitions were measured, indicated excellent antibacterial potential. In-vitro cytotoxicity by hemolytic assay along with mutagenicity by Ames assay exhibited no toxicity and no mutagenicity. These results showed that the synthesized mastic gum based nanobiocomposites are safe for impregnation into surgical sutures by dip coating method for surgical site application. The designed suture showed excellent wound healing potential in rabbits with rapid rate of epithelialization, wound contraction, mild inflammation and absence of any infection on the wounded site. Conclusion: Conclusively, Coating the sutures with nanobiocomposites possess effective antibacterial capacity to surgical sutures besides providing biocompatibility and wound healing activity.

Akıllı Ambalaj Sistemleri İçin Patates Kabuğu Nişastası Esaslı Biyoplastiklerde Gül Hatmi (Alcea rosea) Ekstraktının Potansiyelinin Değerlendirilmesi

2026-05-21T06:51:26+00:00

Tarımsal atıkların katma değerli ürünlere dönüştürülmesi, sürdürülebilir malzeme bilimi ve döngüsel ekonomi açısından kritik bir potansiyel taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada, bir gıda sanayi yan ürünü olan patates kabuklarından ekstrakte edilen nişasta ile antosiyanin bakımından zengin gül hatmi (Alcea rosea) çiçeği kullanılarak, pH değişimlerine duyarlı biyoplastik filmlerin geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın ilk aşamasında, kurutulup öğütülen gül hatmi çiçekleri farklı konsantrasyonlardaki etanol-su karışımları (%0, 25, 50, 75 ve 100 etanol) ile 25°C’de, 500 rpm’de 1 saat süreyle ekstrakte edilmiştir. Elde edilen ekstraktlar toplam antosiyanin içeriği, antioksidan kapasite ve pH’ya bağlı renk değişimi karakteristikleri açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Analizler sonucunda en yüksek antioksidan kapasite ve antosiyanin içeriğini sağlayan %50 etanol çözeltisi optimum ekstraksiyon sistemi olarak belirlenmiştir. Filmlerin ana matrisini oluşturmak üzere patates kabuklarından mekanik öğütme ve santrifüjleme yöntemleriyle nişasta izole edilmiştir. Nişasta bazlı film çözeltisine belirlenen oranlarda gül hatmi ekstraktı ilave edilerek, döküm (casting) yöntemiyle biyoplastik filmler üretilmiştir. Geliştirilen filmlerin pH duyarlılığını belirlemek amacıyla, film yüzeylerine pH 1-13 aralığındaki tampon çözeltiler uygulanarak renk değişimleri izlenmiştir. Testler sonucunda, filmlerin içeriğindeki antosiyaninlerin pH değişimine bağlı olarak geniş bir spektrumda karakteristik renk geçişleri sergilediği tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler; patates kabuğu nişastası ve gül hatmi ekstraktı ile hazırlanan biyoplastiklerin, gıdaların tazelik ve bozulma durumunu görsel olarak rapor edebilen akıllı ambalaj sistemleri için sürdürülebilir ve fonksiyonel bir alternatif sunduğunu kanıtlamaktadır.

Transforming Urban Balconies into Sustainable Production Spaces: Data-Driven Modular Design and Organic Food Cultivation

2026-05-01T21:42:37+00:00

Rapid urbanization and the decreasing availability of green spaces have weakened individuals’ connection with nature, negatively affecting quality of life. In this context, balconies represent one of the most accessible micro-spaces for reconnecting with nature in urban dwellings, yet they are often underutilized. This study aims to demonstrate how balconies can be transformed into productive spaces through a sustainability-oriented approach and to develop a data-driven modular design proposal based on user needs. A survey was conducted with 462 participants across seven geographical regions, analyzing usage habits, functional needs, psychological and social effects, and behavioral tendencies. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate relationships between variables. Findings indicate that balconies are frequently used and there is a strong demand for increased functionality. Balconies contribute significantly to psychological relaxation, connection with nature, and improved well-being. Women showed higher engagement in plant cultivation, and increased usage frequency corresponded with higher functional expectations. Regional differences also influenced usage patterns. Based on these findings, a modular balcony design integrating planting, storage, seating, and social functions is proposed. The study concludes that balconies can be transformed into productive, sustainable, and user-centered spaces, offering an innovative contribution to urban housing design.

Assesment of Calf Care, Feeding, and Health Management Practices in Dairy Cattle Farms in Niğde Province

2026-05-01T21:43:37+00:00

This study was conducted to determine calf care practices on dairy farms located in the central district of Niğde province and the Bor district. Within the scope of the research, a total of 53 farms were examined. Majority of the farms (approximately 85%) were family-owned enterprises, and the predominant proportion of producers (65%) were fell within the 40–60 age bracket. Generally, the education level of producers was limited to primary and secondary education. Only 20% of the producers had received vocational training related to dairy cattle farming. About 90% of the farms considered dairy production as their main source of income. An examination of dry period management and vaccination practices revealed that standard vaccinations administered during the late gestation period of cows occurred at a rate of 85%. The rate was found to be 84% on small-scale farms and 88% on medium-scale farms. Colostrum feeding rates for calves were relatively high; 85.5% of farms provided colostrum immediately after birth, and it was administered twice daily during the first three days. Calf starter feed was introduced on average on the third day, while water supply was initiated at an early stage in 85.5% of the farms. In calf care practices, the distribution of tasks among family members was balanced; both men and women participated actively in care, while the involvement of children and hired workers was limited. However, inadequate early-stage care and feeding in small-scale farms resulted in elevated calf mortality rates. The study found that calf mortality was determined as 16.1% in small-scale farms and 12.5% in medium scale farms. In general, although dairy cattle farms in Central and Bor districts of Niğde have adequate livestock capacity and sustainable potential, lack of education and non-standard care practices have a detrimental effect on productivity. Therefore, implementation of training programs for producers, standardization of calf care and feeding practices, and ensuring regular implementation of vaccination programs are recommended. These measures will have a substantial impact on enhancing herd productivity and ensuring the sustainability of farms.

Dr Poultry Production and Consumption True-Price Accounting in Ethiopia

2026-05-01T21:45:30+00:00

In Ethiopian agriculture, poultry farming plays a significant role in balancing nutrition and creating jobs. The structure, production methods, economic performance, and externality costs of poultry farming in Ethiopia are analyzed in this study, with a particular emphasis on broiler and layer production in four urban and peri-urban areas surrounding Addis Ababa. Almost half of the poultry farms are located in Addis Ababa, while the rest are found around Bishoftu and Adama. Large-scale operations are uncommon in broiler production, which is dominated by medium-sized farms (58%) that use deep litter systems (96%). Ethiopian egg production is comparatively animal welfare-friendly when compared to caged systems that are prevalent elsewhere, since layer production is primarily small-scale (67%), with less than 1,000 birds per farm and a similar predilection for deep litter housing. The result further shows that both broiler and layer (table-egg) production farms are financially viable. Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), mostly from the production of feed and the handling of manure, are the main source of external costs. GHGs are responsible for 71% of environmental costs in egg production, while manure management alone is responsible for 59% in broiler farming. The second biggest environmental burden is air pollution. Despite being lower, social costs are nevertheless substantial and are mostly caused by health hazards and underpayment. The cost shares of gender discrimination and child labour are negligible. Current prices understate the full social cost of poultry products when market and external costs are taken into account. Market pricing only makes up a portion of the true price, which is $0.199 per egg and $4.99 per kilogram of chicken meat. Though it has high hidden environmental and social costs, Ethiopian poultry production is often characterised by small- and medium-scale, welfare-friendly systems. Sustainable sector development requires reducing these externalities through better management of feed and manure, energy efficiency, labour standards, and market openness.

Welfare Impact of Urban Agriculture in Ethiopia: Evidence from a Multinomial Endogenous Switching Regression Model

2026-05-01T21:46:34+00:00

Using primary data collected from 384 urban households in North Shewa Zone, Oromia Region of Ethiopia, this study examined the impacts of urban agriculture (UA) on household welfare, as measured by consumption expenditure. A multinomial logistic regression model was applied to identify factors influencing participation in three UA types: horticultural crop production, livestock rearing, and both combined. To estimate the welfare effects while addressing selection bias and unobserved heterogeneity, a Multinomial Endogenous Switching Regression (MESR) model was used. The multinomial model results indicated that family size, gender of the household head, landholding size, access to water, improved inputs, extension services, and non-farm income significantly influenced participation. According to the MESR model, households engaged solely in horticulture or livestock earned average consumption gains of 2,557.24 ETB and 2,867.36 ETB, respectively, while those participating in both saw gains of 1,370.76 ETB. Counterfactual analysis revealed that non-participants could have gained up to 24,393.15 ETB or 27,400.32 ETB. These amounts are significant compared to the average expenditure of 6,733.33 ETB; highlighting UA’s potential to improve welfare. Enhancing access to land, credit, water, and support services is essential to promote wider participation.

Transforming Brewery Waste into High-Protein, Lean Chicken Feed: BrewGrow Poultry

2026-05-01T21:48:59+00:00

Brewer's spent grain, a major by-product of the brewing industry, is a valuable feed source because of its high protein, fibre, and essential nutrient content. Adding BSG to poultry diets is a sustainable way to cut feed costs, minimise environmental waste, and promote circular agriculture. It can help create more environmentally friendly livestock farming systems, increase chicken production, and improve resource efficiency by being used as a substitute feed component. This research assesses the effects of replacing standard feed with brewers spent grain on the poultry meat texture, sensory attributes and lipid oxidation value. The research involved two groups of broiler breeds raised at the same farm in Mostaganem area. The results showed significantly higher animals in the experimental group exhibited a reduced total fat level in their meat. However, the concentration of Vitamin C was significantly higher (p<0.05) and more prevalent in meat from animals raised DBSG. A significant difference (p<0.001) was noted in MDA amounts between meats from both groups. The highest rate of meat acceptance by tasters was observed in the group of animals that included DBSG in their diet compared with the control group. This group also exhibited more tender meat coloration and lower lipid oxidation rates

(p<0.001). Brewer's spent grain enhanced the quality of meat by producing leaner, lower-fat meat with appealing sensory attributes. As a result, consumers indicated that they preferred meat from animals fed spent grain from breweries. These findings suggest that brewer's spent grain is a sustainable feed ingredient that enhances meat quality and consumer acceptability.

Premium Lean Turkey Meat through Hydroponic Barley and Aromatic Herb Formulations GreenBarley Turkey Labs

2026-05-01T21:50:06+00:00

Turkey breeding greatly benefits from hydroponic barley (also known as hydroponic sprouting fodder) and medicinal herbs, which provide notable enhancements in dietary intake, gut health, and cost effectiveness. This study evaluates the impact on the textural profile and amino acid content of turkey meat when regular feed is combined with hydroponic barley and Alpinia galanga, aromatic medicinal plants. Two groups of Turkey breeds grown on the same farm in the Mostaganem area participated in the study; the groups were created based on the percentage of HB rate integration and Alpinia galanga medicinal plants. The experimental groups animals had lower levels of total fat in their meat compared to the control group. However, the meat of Turkey fed hydroponically grown barley (HB) and aromatic medicinal plants had a much greater (p<0.05) and more abundant concentration of crude protein and ash contents. The amount of antioxidant activity in meats from each group varied significantly with predominance in the turkey meat fed a mixture of hydroponic barley and aromatic plants. The treated meat also received higher sensory scores by tasters according to it flavor, jocosity and taste than the meat from the control group (p<0.001). The combination of hydroponically grown barley and aromatic plants is essential for improving meat quality by enhancing antioxidant qualities and sensory aspects. Additionally, it increases the efficiency and sustainability of meat production by reducing production costs by replacing expensive conventional feed ingredients.

Effect of Marination Technique and Marinade Type on the Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Broiler Thigh Meat

2026-05-01T21:51:03+00:00

Abstract

Marination is a process used to improve both the physicochemical properties and sensory attributes of meat. The present study investigated (i) the effect of marination and (ii) the interactive effects of three marination techniques (immersion, injection, and tumbling) and two marinade types (acidic vs. basic) on the physicochemical and sensory attributes of broiler thigh meat. The experiment was conducted using a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with an additional unmarinated control treatment. A total of 56 deboned chicken (35-d-old, Cobb 500, unsexed) thigh samples (Mean ± SD, 60 ± 5 g) were treated with either acidic (pH: 4.5) or basic (pH 8.5) marinade and were assigned to one of the six treatment groups. The samples were held at 4 °C for 8 hours. The one-way ANOVA revealed that the control and marinated treatments were differed (p < 0.05) for marinade uptake, meat pH and cohesiveness. The two-way ANOVA results revealed a significant method x marinade type interaction (p<0.05) for the marinade uptake, pH, cooking loss, cooking yield, drip loss, and TP. All the colorimetric parameters except the internal b* resulted a significant method x marinade type interaction (p<0.05). At basic pH, tumbling resulted the highest marinade uptake than its acidic counterpart (p<0.05). Both immersion, INA, and TB marinade types resulted the highest cooking yield (p<0.05) and the minimum cooking loss (p<0.05). IMA and the INA resulted in the lowest hardness (p<0.05). INA exhibited the optimal values across all tested colorimetric parameters. Sensory results revealed that the overall acceptability was similar across all treatments. The study concludes that injection marination in an acidic medium enhances the physicochemical properties of broiler meat without affecting its sensory characteristics.

Keywords: Chicken, Immersion, Injection, Marination, Tumbling, Sensory

Development of Value-Added Chicken Sausages using Optimized Combinations of Edible Offal and Non-Meat Ingredients

2026-05-01T21:52:22+00:00

Abstract

Incorporation of poultry by-products into processed meat products has gained a wider attention due to their high nutritional value and their potential to reduce waste generation. This study evaluated the effect of different inclusion levels of chicken offal (liver + heart) on the nutritional composition, physicochemical and sensory attributes, and the production cost of chicken sausages. Five treatments: Control (100% meat +0% offal), T1 (90% meat +10% offal), T2 (80% meat + 20% offal), T3 (70% meat + 30% offal), and T4 (60% meat + 40% offal) were used. Treatments were evaluated for their proximate composition, physicochemical and sensory attributes. Raw material costs per 100 g of sausages were calculated. The highest protein content (57.0%), cooking yield (64.4%), and the minimum cooking loss (35.6%) were observed from the treatment T2. The control reported the minimum shrinkage percentage (P<0.05). Water holding capacity was the highest in T2, T3, and T4. Frying loss was not affected by the treatments (P>0.05). Control, T1 and T2 resulted in the highest folding test values (P<0.05). The T4 reported the optimal pH and the highest extract release volume (ERV) (P<0.05). Juiciness was the highest in T1 (P<0.05). Increasing the offal inclusion by 20% or above resulted in the highest springiness (P<0.05). External redness (a*), external yellowness (b*) and all the internal L*, a* and b* parameters were significantly influenced (P<0.05) by the treatments. T4 reported the most favorable color attributes. Sensory results revealed that the treatments were acceptable and comparable to the control sample. Cost analysis indicated reduced production cost with increasing offal levels. The present study concluded that all organ offal mixed combinations are equal or superior to the control. Inclusion of chicken offal at 40% in chicken sausages is cost effective and enhances most of the physicochemical properties and sensory attributes tested.

Keywords: Chicken, Edible offal, Heart, Liver, Physicochemical, Sausages

Physicochemical and Nutritional Characterization of Polyalthia longifolia Seed Flour and Oil

2026-05-02T06:54:20+00:00

Seeds of Polyalthia longifolia were subjected to extraction with n-hexane using a Soxhlet apparatus to obtain the seed oil (PLSO) and residual cake (PLSC). The residual cake was evaluated for its mineral and amino acid compositions, while the oil was analyzed for mineral content, fatty acid profile, unsaponifiable components, and lipid classes using standard analytical procedures. The amino acid analysis of PLSC revealed that glutamic acid (8.25 g/100 g), aspartic acid (6.20 g/100 g), leucine (5.17 g/100 g), glycine (4.23 g/100 g), along with lysine, phenylalanine, arginine and alanine were the most abundant amino acids, whereas tryptophan (0.50 g/100 g) was present in the lowest amount. The ratio of essential to non-essential amino acids (0.79) suggests a well-balanced protein composition. Mineral analysis of PLSO showed relatively high levels of potassium (756.04 ppm), calcium (692.86 ppm) and magnesium (160.03 ppm), with a similar trend observed in PLSC. The oil exhibited notable physicochemical properties, including an unsaponifiable matter content of 23.02%, a saponification value of 197.25 mg KOH/g, and an iodine value of 64.04 mg I₂/g, indicating a high degree of unsaturation and potential industrial applications. The predominant fatty acids identified were oleic acid (44.20%), palmitic acid (36.62%), linoleic acid (11.52%), and stearic acid (4.13%), resulting in a composition of 57.70% unsaturated and 42.22% saturated fatty acids, which highlights its nutritional and cosmetic relevance. Neutral lipids constituted the major fraction (93.52%) of PLSO, while the unsaponifiable fraction contained bioactive compounds such as α-ergostenol, stigmasta-7,25-dien-3-ol, phytol, and beta- tocopherol. Overall, the seed flour and oil of P. longifolia demonstrate considerable potential for nutritional, functional, and industrial applications.

Utilizing Plant-Based Protein Sources from Agricultural By-Products: Addressing Challenges for Aquaculture Sustainability

2026-05-02T07:02:08+00:00

Aquaculture is the fastest-growing global food production sector and is vital for food and nutritional security. With output reaching approximately 87.5 million tonnes, over 70% of production relies on formulated feeds. Fish meal (FM) has traditionally been the primary protein source due to its amino acid profile, digestibility, and palatability. However, its limited supply from capture fisheries and rising demand have caused price volatility and supply concerns, making sustainable FM alternatives an urgent priority.Plant-based proteins are promising substitutes due to their abundance, lower cost, renewability, and reduced environmental impact. Ingredients such as soybean meal, Moringa oleifera leaf and seed meal, canola meal, sunflower meal, and cottonseed meal are already used in commercial aquafeeds. Yet, antinutritional factors (ANFs) including phytate, tannins, saponins, protease inhibitors, and non-starch polysaccharides limit their inclusion by reducing nutrient bioavailability and impairing fish growth and health. Feed additives such as exogenous enzymes, probiotics, prebiotics, antioxidants, organic acids, and functional nanoparticles can mitigate ANF effects, improve digestibility, and enhance fish health, allowing higher plant protein incorporation. Nevertheless, further research is needed on the long-term physiological, economic, and environmental impacts of large-scale FM substitution. Species-specific formulations, life-cycle assessments, and cost–benefit analyses remain critical. Developing eco-efficient, nutritionally complete, and cost-effective aquafeeds is essential for sustainable aquaculture growth and global food security.

Microplastics in the Human Body: Environmental Exposure and Potential Health Effects

2026-05-02T07:03:12+00:00

Microplastics in the human body are increasingly recognized as an emerging and rapidly developing issue at the intersection of environmental science, medicine, and public health. In recent years, growing concerns have been raised regarding the widespread occurrence of microplastics in the environment and their potential effects on human health. The extensive use of plastic materials in industry, agriculture, medicine, and daily life has contributed to the accumulation of microplastic particles in water, soil, and air. Consequently, humans are continuously exposed to microplastics, highlighting the need for a comprehensive assessment of this emerging concern. This study aims to analyze the pathways through which microplastics enter the human body and to evaluate their potential health effects based on current scientific evidence. The study is based on an analytical review of recent experimental and observational research investigating the detection of microplastics in human biological samples and environmental compartments. Major sources of human exposure include atmospheric air, drinking water, seafood, agricultural products, and commonly used plastic materials. The mechanisms through which microplastics enter the human body via the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems and through dermal exposure are examined. In addition, particle size, shape, chemical composition, surface characteristics, and concentrations are comparatively evaluated, with particular emphasis on their potential influence on biological activity and bioavailability. The reviewed evidence indicates that microplastics have been detected in human blood, lung tissue, the gastrointestinal tract, liver tissue, and placental samples, suggesting their potential for systemic distribution within the human body. Some studies have also reported the presence of microplastics in breast milk and other biological fluids, raising concerns about the possibility of exposure across generations. Current evidence suggests that microplastics may interact with cellular structures, induce inflammatory responses, increase oxidative stress, disrupt cellular metabolism, and alter immune system functions. Potential risks to the endocrine and reproductive systems, as well as the possibility of tissue accumulation following long-term exposure, have also been reported. The level of microplastic exposure may vary according to geographical location, lifestyle, occupational activities, and environmental conditions. Overall, further interdisciplinary research is required to better understand the potential effects of microplastics on human health. Such research may contribute to establishing cause–effect relationships, improving risk assessments, and developing strategies to reduce microplastic exposure. Furthermore, the findings may support the development of environmental safety policies and preventive measures aimed at protecting public health.

Gestational surrogacy: clinical outcomes and maternal fetal risks

2026-05-02T07:04:21+00:00

Gestational surrogacy represents a significant development in contemporary reproductive medicine, expanding the possibilities of parenthood for individuals with medical or physiological barriers to pregnancy. Nevertheless, its increasing application necessitates a critical evaluation of associated maternal and fetal risks. The present study aims to assess clinical outcomes in gestational surrogacy by analyzing available clinical data and comparative observations with conventional pregnancies. The focus is placed on maternal complications, including hypertensive disorders, endocrine alterations, and the physiological demands imposed by assisted reproductive procedures, as well as on neonatal indicators such as gestational age, birth weight, and early adaptation. The findings suggest that gestational surrogacy is generally associated with favorable clinical outcomes under conditions of appropriate medical supervision. However, a moderately increased incidence of specific complications, particularly those related to multiple gestations and assisted reproduction, has been identified. In addition, the presence of a genetically non-related embryo introduces distinct immunological and physiological dynamics, which may influence maternal adaptation throughout pregnancy. Neonatal outcomes are largely comparable to those observed in non-surrogacy pregnancies, although they remain dependent on procedural and clinical variables. In conclusion, gestational surrogacy can be regarded as an effective and relatively safe reproductive strategy, provided that comprehensive clinical monitoring is ensured. Further investigation is required to elucidate long-term maternal and offspring health outcomes and to optimize clinical protocols.

Occurrence of microplastics in marine environments and their potential toxicological impacts

2026-05-02T07:07:42+00:00

Microplastics (MPs) are now recognized as ubiquitous contaminants in marine environments, from coastal areas to the open ocean, water column, and deep-sea sediments. Their persistence, small size, and wide distribution raise increasing concern about their interactions with marine organisms and the potential for long-term ecosystem-level consequences. MPs can be readily ingested by a broad range of taxa, including invertebrates, fish, and higher trophic level species, leading to physical effects such as gut obstruction, reduced feeding efficiency, false satiation, and impaired energy allocation, which may ultimately affect growth, reproduction, and survival. Beyond these direct physical impacts, MPs may also exert toxicological effects, either due to their intrinsic chemical composition (e.g., additives and monomers) or their ability to adsorb and transport environmental contaminants such as persistent organic pollutants and metals. At the sub-organismal level, these effects can be assessed through a suite of biomarkers, including detoxification enzymes (e.g., phase I and II biotransformation systems), antioxidant defenses and oxidative stress markers, as well as inflammatory and immune response parameters. Integrating biomarker responses with exposure data provides valuable insight into early warning signals of MP-induced stress and helps to elucidate mechanistic pathways underlying toxicity. Overall, understanding both the occurrence and biological effects of MPs is essential to better evaluate their ecological risk and to inform future monitoring, regulatory frameworks, and mitigation strategies.

Clinical Effects of a Polyphenol-Enriched Chewing Gum Containing Scutellaria lateriflora L. and Cistus × incanus L. Extracts in Subjects with Gingivitis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

2026-05-02T07:10:40+00:00

Gingivitis is one of the most common inflammatory diseases affecting the oral cavity and remains an important target for preventive interventions based on nutraceutical approaches. Botanical extracts rich in polyphenols are known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, which may be beneficial for oral health. Scutellaria lateriflora L. and Cistus × incanus L. are particularly rich in flavonoids and phenolic compounds and have previously shown activity against oral microorganisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of a chewing gum formulated with these polyphenol-rich extracts in individuals with gingivitis.

A total of 60 adults aged 18 to 70 years with gingivitis, but without diagnosed periodontitis, were randomly assigned to receive either two chewing gums per day containing standardized extracts of S. lateriflora and C. × incanus or a placebo for a period of 3 months. Clinical evaluations were carried out at baseline and at monthly follow-up visits. Gingival bleeding and inflammation were assessed using the Quantitative Gingival Bleeding Index (QGBI) and the Modified Gingival Index (MGI), respectively. Oral health-related quality of life was measured with the OH-15 questionnaire, while pain intensity was recorded using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Overall oral status was also evaluated through the Clinical Global Impression–Severity (CGI-S) scale.

After 3 months of treatment, participants receiving the chewing gum enriched with polyphenol extracts experienced significantly greater improvements than those in the placebo group. Marked reductions in gingival bleeding and inflammation were observed, as reflected by improvements in QGBI and MGI scores. In addition, subjects in the active treatment group reported better oral health-related quality of life, lower pain perception, and an overall improvement in oral condition according to CGI-S scores. The product was well tolerated, and no clinically meaningful adverse effects were reported during the study.

Administration of S. lateriflora and C. × incanus polyphenol-rich extracts through a chewing gum formulation significantly improved both clinical indicators and patient-reported outcomes in individuals with gingivitis. These results suggest that this food-based, bioactive formulation may represent a safe, practical, and effective nutraceutical strategy to support gingival health and help prevent progression of oral disease.

Mr. Adoption of Climate-Smart Agriculture Among Rice Farmers in Bangladesh

2026-05-05T11:32:01+00:00

Rice-based smallholder systems in southern Bangladesh face reinforcing pressures from climate variability and soil degradation driven by decades of input-intensive cultivation. This study examines Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) adoption among modern rice farmers in this region, with particular attention to joint adoption behavior and variation in adoption intensity. Rather than treating CSA as a discrete technological choice, this study conceptualizes it as a portfolio of interrelated practices such as crop diversification, agroforestry, integrated soil fertility management, small-scale irrigation, and integrated pest management, and estimates adoption decisions jointly using a multivariate probit (MVP) model. An adoption index complements the MVP estimates by capturing depth of engagement beyond binary indicators. The study found that CSA adoption is widespread but uneven. Most households adopt multiple practices. However, full portfolio adoption is rare. This is consistent with a gradual and selective adjustment process rather than systemic transition. MVP estimates confirm that decisions across practices are interdependent but not perfectly correlated. Determinants of CSA adoption differ significantly across practices. Human capital, farm size, access to credit and extension services, and market information impact adoption. But their effects are not uniform. Exposure to soil salinity and drought increases adoption of specific practices while leaving others largely unaffected. This indicates that agroecological context mediates the incentive structure rather than operating merely as background condition. Climate awareness alone does not sustain adaptation. Institutional support determines whether awareness translates into behavior change. These findings suggest that policy frameworks predicated on technology dissemination alone are unlikely to expand the adoption frontier. Effective intervention requires explicit attention to institutional capacity, localized environmental constraints, and heterogeneity in adoption intensity across households.

Probiotic Administration Correlated with Reduced Diarrheal Incidence and Improved Gut Microbiota Diversity in Young Goats

2026-05-15T08:26:05+00:00

Probiotic interventions in young livestock are gaining attention for their potential health benefits. This study involved 15 weaned goat kids (2-3 months old; 10-15 kg body weight), including 10 healthy kids and 5 diarrheic kids. The kids were divided into three groups: Healthy Control (H, no treatment), Probiotic-Treated Healthy (T), and Diarrheic + Probiotic-Treated (D). All kids were maintained under standardized environmental conditions and fed a controlled diet (60% corn, 15% pea skin, 15% silage, 5% hay and 1% vitamin-mineral additives). Probiotic bacteria Enterococcus faecium and Bacteroides fragilis were administered via oral gavage at a concentration of (1×109) CFU/mL for five consecutive days. Fecal samples were collected for sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene to analyze microbial composition. Healthy groups exhibited significantly greater species richness and diversity compared to the diarrheal group (p < 0.01). The predominant phyla identified were Pseudomonadota, Bacteroidetes, and Bacillota. Increased levels of Xylanibacter, UCG-055, Bacteroides, and Escherichia-Shigella were noted in healthy treated kids, while Prevotellaceae UG_001 and Proteus decreased. The findings highlight significant gut microbiota differences between healthy and diarrheal kids, suggesting that modifications in gut microbiota composition could alleviate diarrhea, contributing to preventive and therapeutic strategies for this condition.

Bibliometric Analysis of Probiotic Bacteria and Lactic Acid Bacteria as Alternatives to Antibiotics for Controlling Escherichia coli and Enhancing Poultry Growth Performance

2026-05-22T05:46:36+00:00

As an antibiotic replacement, probiotics, especially lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are becoming very popular as a way to improve the growth of poultry. They fight pathogenic Escherichia coli which adversely influences the health of the gut and the absorption of food. To understand how probiotics could be used to improve animal development performance one needs to understand the dynamics between LAB and E. coli. The purpose of the study was to conduct bibliometric analysis of the studies that used probiotic bacteria to inhibit the growth of E. coli and to enhance the growth performance of animals, which identified significant topics of research, influencers, main contributors, intellectual structures and potential solutions. The data retrieved by the Web of Science (WoSCC) database were used to retrieve the information regarding the years 2015-2025. A systematic search strategy was employed using keywords, such as, probiotic bacteria OR LAB and E. coli and growth performance. VOSviewer and the bibliometrix package in R tools were used to conduct bibliometric analyses. was then employed to examine the acquired metadata, such as co-authored nations, citation trends, and keywords. The findings indicated that the production of research had increased exponentially over the last decade with China, Iran and Malaysia leading in terms of the volume of research production, number of citations and international collaboration. The author who was cited the most was Zhang. As three topic clusters, the role of probiotics and synbiotics to improve gut health. Probiotic feed additives, antibacterial and growth-promoting were identified. Growth performance, probiotics, broiler, supplementation and microbiota have become more and more frequently used words. Future studies should concentrate on worldwide monitoring strategies, innovative antimicrobial alternatives, and interdisciplinary cooperation.

Remittance Inflows and Sustainable Economic Growth in Bangladesh: An ARDL Bounds Testing Approach

2026-05-15T08:42:52+00:00

As Bangladesh moves beyond LDC status, identifying the key drivers of sustained economic growth has become highly important. Remittance is one of the major sources of foreign exchange for Bangladesh and plays an important role in supporting household welfare and macroeconomic stability. However, its long-run contribution to economic growth remains an important empirical question. This study examines the impact of remittance on economic growth in Bangladesh using annual data from 1985 to 2024. The study applies the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to analyze both short-run dynamics and long-run relationships. GDP per capita growth is examined in relation to remittance, investment, exports, foreign direct investment (FDI), and exchange rate. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test is used to check stationarity, while the ARDL bounds test is applied to examine cointegration. An Error Correction Model (ECM) is also used to analyze short-run adjustment. The findings show a strong and significant positive long-run relationship between remittance and economic growth. Investment and exports also contribute positively, while FDI is insignificant. Exchange rate depreciation negatively affects growth. The study suggests that remittance can support sustainable growth if it is productively invested and supported by economic diversification policies.

Ekstrüde Atıştırmalık Üretiminde Tahıl ve Baklagil Karışımlarının Etkileri

2026-05-05T11:04:21+00:00

Abstract

This study examines the role of thermal extrusion technology in the production of chips and snacks, and the use of cereal and legume blends as an approach to improving nutritional value and functional properties. This technology relies on thermomechanical processing under high temperature and pressure to mix, cook, and shape ready-to-eat products with a crispy texture. In this work, recent studies on the use of cereals and legumes were reviewed and evaluated, along with innovative applications such as the use of oil industry by-products and carbon dioxide-assisted extrusion. The findings indicate that extrusion modifies starch properties, increases expansion, and enhances crispness, while also reducing antinutritional compounds such as phytic acid and tannins, thereby improving mineral bioavailability. The incorporation of legumes with cereals increased protein, dietary fiber, and mineral content without negatively affecting sensory acceptability. In addition, the use of by-products and modern techniques improved structural properties and reduced the need for chemical additives. It was also found that controlling processing parameters such as temperature, moisture, and screw speed plays a crucial role in determining the final product quality in terms of texture, density, and sensory characteristics. Overall, these findings confirm that extrusion technology represents an effective approach for developing healthy and sustainable snack products, and that the use of cereal–legume mixtures offers promising potential to enhance nutritional value and meet modern consumer demands.

Evaluation of Seaweed Application on Physiological Traits of Durum Wheat Landraces Under Drought Stress

2026-05-11T11:41:12+00:00

Drought stress is one of the major abiotic factors limiting wheat production worldwide and causes significant reductions in plant growth and physiological performance. Seaweed-based biostimulants have recently attracted considerable attention due to their potential role in improving plant tolerance against environmental stresses. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of seaweed application on several physiological traits of durum wheat landraces exposed to severe drought stress under greenhouse conditions. Two cultivars and eight landraces, were used as plant material. Plants were grown under controlled greenhouse conditions and exposed to 80% drought stress at the tillering stage. A 2% seaweed extract was applied twice as foliar treatment during plant development. Physiological and morphological parameters were evaluated under drought conditions. The results demonstrated significant differences among genotypes and treatments for most investigated traits. Drought stress generally caused reductions in relative water content, SPAD values, plant height, flag leaf area, and biomass accumulation. However, several landraces maintained relatively higher physiological performance under stress conditions, indicating genotype-dependent variation in drought tolerance. Seaweed application partially alleviated the negative effects of drought in some genotypes by improving water status and chlorophyll preservation, whereas responses varied according to genotype and measured parameter. Overall, the findings indicate that durum wheat landraces possess considerable variability in physiological adaptation to drought stress and that seaweed-based applications may contribute to stress mitigation depending on genotype and environmental severity. The study provides useful information for future breeding programs aiming to improve drought tolerance in durum wheat and highlights the potential use of biostimulant applications under water-limited conditions.

In vitro gastrointestinal survival of vegetative cells and spores of novel probiotic Bacillus strains

2026-05-11T11:26:36+00:00

Probiotics must retain a high level of viability while passing through the gastrointestinal tract, where they are exposed to harsh conditions such as high bile salt concentrations, low pH, and digestive enzymes. The in vitro simulated digestion model is based on exposing probiotics to these sequential conditions [salivary juice (SSJ), gastric juice (SGJ), and intestinal juice (SIJ)] mimicking the digestion system. In the present study, the tolerance of both vegetative cells and spores to the in vitro simulated gastrointestinal system was evaluated. The vegetative cells or spores were sequentially subjected to SSJ (5 min), SGJ (2 h) and SIJ (2 h). All the reactions were performed at 37 ^oC, and the samples were centrifuged to remove the liquid phases after each step. The samples were taken after each step to make a bacterial count using nutrient agar plates. Logarithmic survival rate of the microorganisms was calculated. The results showed that both the vegetative cells and the spores were highly resistant to all the digestive system conditions. The minimum viability at the end of the SIJ was 81.8%, while most of the isolates had the survival rates over 90%. Overall, these findings indicated that the tested isolates, in both vegetative and spore forms, possess remarkable resilience to gastrointestinal conditions, highlighting their strong potential as effective probiotic candidates for survival and functionality within the human digestive system.

Production of Dietary Fiber from Legume Processing Waste

2026-05-11T10:25:45+00:00

This study evaluated the isolation of dietary fibre from husks obtained after boiling cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata), white beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), and lentils (Lens culinaris) using homogenisation and control methods. Legumes were boiled until the husks separated and then soaked in cold water for husk removal. The moisture content of fresh husks ranged from 77.4% to 86%, while water activity (aw) values were between 0.95 and 0.96. Dietary fibre production using the homogenisation method was successful only for white beans, yielding 15.83 g of dietary fibre. Colour analysis showed that the dried white bean sample had the highest L* value (80.07), indicating the lightest colour, while cowpea and lentil samples exhibited lower and similar L* values. All samples had low a* values, reflecting greenish tones, whereas positive b* values indicated yellow hues, especially in lentils. Green lentils demonstrated the highest water-holding capacity (4.24 g/g), while cowpeas had the lowest (1.78 g/g). In contrast, cowpeas showed the highest oil-holding capacity (1.97 g/g), whereas lentils had the lowest (1.18 g/g). Total phenolic content varied significantly among samples: cowpeas had the highest value (78.52 mg GAE/100 g), followed by lentils (49.85 mg GAE/100 g), while white beans showed very low phenolic content (3.05 mg GAE/100 g). Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to evaluate physicochemical properties. The PCA score plot revealed clear grouping of samples according to their characteristics. White bean samples differed from cowpea and lentil samples along principal component 1, while lentil samples were separated from the others along principal component 2.

Rapid Evaluation of Bentonite Quality Using Physicochemical Parameters to Predict Aflatoxin Binding Efficiency

2026-05-11T10:58:18+00:00

Mycotoxin contamination in animal feed is a crucial challenge in livestock production due to its adverse effects on animal health, productivity, and food safety. Mycotoxin binders are commonly used as feed additives to adsorb fungal toxins in the gastrointestinal tract and to reduce their bioavailability. Their effectiveness depends on several physicochemical properties such as moisture content, pH, swelling index, fineness, particle size distribution, and adsorption capacity. Therefore, this study evaluated and compared the physicochemical characteristics and adsorption performance of two commercially available, feed-grade mycotoxin binders: T1 and T2. The present study evaluated moisture content, pH, swelling index, fineness, particle size distribution [In terms of geometric mean diameter (GMD) and geometric standard deviation (GSD)], and adsorption capacity. Complete randomized design (CRD) was used as the experimental design where, One-Way ANOVA was conducted to determine the differences between two binders. Moisture content (P < 0.05), pH (P < 0.05), swelling index (P < 0.05), fineness (P < 0.05), and adsorption capacity (P < 0.05) were differed between treatments. The moisture levels of both binders were within the recommended range, with T2 slightly closer to the optimum. T1 maintained pH within the acceptable range, while T2 slightly exceeded the upper limit. T2 revealed a significantly higher swelling index and adsorption capacity, indicating a greater adsorption potential. Both binders revealed high adsorption capacity (>200 mg MB/g), typical of activated bentonite adsorbents. Based on the F-test, the GMDs of both binders (GMD: T1=240.57µ and T2=245.97µ) were similar (F = 1.022; P > 0.05), indicating similar variability in particle size distribution. In conclusion, T2 demonstrates superior swelling and adsorption properties, while T1 excels in fineness and pH conformity. In overall, T2 presents a more effective profile as a mycotoxin binder for feed applications.

Climate Smart Agricultural Practices Among Maize Farmers: Evidence from Osun State, Nigeria

2026-05-11T11:00:31+00:00

Background: Given the threat of climate change on agricultural productivity and livelihood of farmers, this study examined the impacts of climate change, perception of climate smart agricultural practices (CSAPs), CSAPs adopted by maize farmers and constraints that limit the adoption in Osun State, Nigeria.

Method: A multistage sampling procedure was employed to select 180 maize farmers from across the State. Structured interview schedule was used to collect quantitative data and analysed using percentage, mean, standard deviation, Chi-square and Pearson Product Moment correlation analyses.

Results: The result showed that the mean age of maize farmers was 49.31 ± 10.47 years, the majority were male (80.6%), married (78.9%), with a mean household size of 7 ± 3 members. 87.2% indicated that climate change negatively affected their maize production. Majority (82.2%) had moderate perception about climate smart agriculture practices. Crop Rotation (mean =2.4), planting of disease resistant varieties (mean = 2.34), and crop diversification (mean = 2.28) were the Key CSA practices adopted by maize farmers. Lack of access to credit facilities (mean = 1.81), and high cost of farm input and resources (mean = 1.80) were the major barriers limiting adoption of CSA practices. Occupation (χ²= 22.750) were significantly associated with adoption of CSA practices, while household size (r = 0.54), farm size (r = 0.31), perception (r = 0.24), and effect of climate change (r = 0.46) had significant correlation with adoption of CSA practices.

Conclusions: The study concluded that majority of maize farmers employed multiple CSA practices at high level, and recommended that government and relevant stakeholders should subsidize farm inputs and provide functional loans and credit facilities to enhance sustainable maize production in Nigeria.

Sustainable Management of the Invasive Alien Weed Mimosa pudica Through Vermicomposting: Impacts on Nutrient Enrichment, Earthworm Reproduction, and Crop Growth Performance

2026-05-11T10:49:53+00:00

Introduction and Objectives: An experiment was conducted during the Rabi seasons of 2023 and 2024 at the Department of Soil Science, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, to evaluate the nutrient status and earthworm fecundity of vermicompost produced from the invasive weed Mimosa pudica using Eisenia fetida, and its effects on the growth of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. pekinensis) and Radish (Raphanus sativus).

Method: Eighteen treatments (vermicompost, compost, and initial mixtures) were prepared using Mimosa pudica and three bulking materials at different ratios. Eight fertilizer treatments were used in a pot experiment. The soil was sandy loam with low fertility, and experiments ran from October 2023 to February 2024.

Results: Treatment T5 recorded the highest earthworm biomass (11.35 ± 2.53 g), indicating its suitability for vermicomposting. Vermicomposts had higher pH, EC, and nutrient concentrations (TKN, TAP, TK, TCa, TMg), and lower C/N ratios compared to composts and initial mixtures, confirming better maturity and quality. All of the fertiliser treatments made both crops grow much better. Most Chinese cabbage was grown in T5 (146 kg/ha), followed by T1 and T6. The treatment with plywood sawdust had the lowest yield, which suggests that it could be toxic. Radish, on the other hand, had the highest yield in TRFD (153.67 kg/ha), followed by T1, T2, and T5. This suggests that radish is less sensitive to sawdust toxicity. Compared to the control, all treatments caused a big increase in leaf area. For Chinese cabbage, T6 and T5 worked best, and for radish, T-RFD and T2 worked best. Overall, vermicompost made from Mimosa pudica greatly improved the quality of nutrients, the performance of earthworms, and the yield of crops.

Conclusion: The above findings indicate that vermicompost produced from the invasive alien weed Mimosa pudica improves the overall growth and yield of Chinese cabbage and Radish.

Study of Some Biozootechnical and Hereditary Characteristics of Black-and-White Dairy Cattle

2026-05-11T10:31:06+00:00

Abstract

The article investigates certain biozootechnical and hereditary characteristics of Azerbaijani Black-and-White cattle. The research was conducted on Black-and-White cattle raised in private farms located in the Samukh and Shamkir districts. Problem and objective: The study focuses on important productive and biological traits of this breed, particularly the relationship between live body weight and milk productivity. Another characteristic feature is the high milking rate during machine milking, expressed as milk yield per minute, which is of practical importance in dairy production systems. Methods: Through long-term selection, a reduction in calf birth weight has been achieved, which has helped to prevent difficult calving in the population. Under Azerbaijani conditions, animals of this breed reach approximately 340 kg live weight at 18–20 months of age, attain sexual maturity, and are inseminated. By 29–30 months of age, they enter the production cycle, allowing them to calve twice. Their service period and dry period remain within acceptable zootechnical standards. The average calving interval is 352 days, which ensures the production of approximately one calf per year under normal management conditions. Result: Research findings indicate that an increase in live body weight does not negatively affect milk production; on the contrary, it has a stimulating effect. Crossbreeding with local cattle breeds resulted in hybrid animals showing 25–30% higher levels of total protein, total globulins, and gamma globulins compared to purebred Black-and-White cattle. This demonstrates improved immune response and higher adaptive capacity, inherited from local breeds. Conclusion: The milk productivity index of Black-and-White cows raised in Azerbaijan is close to European standards of this breed. The results suggest that farmers should prioritize animals with higher body weight and better milk productivity. Scientifically based breeding programs that consider genetic and zootechnical characteristics contribute to higher efficiency and improved productivity in dairy farming systems.

Comparative Limnological Characterization and Environmental Risk Assessment of Two Strategic Wetland Ecosystems in the Marmara Basin

2026-05-11T10:41:41+00:00

The protected wetlands situated within the Marmara Basin represent indispensable ecosystems for regional biodiversity and critical migratory corridors. Despite their high conservation status, these shallow lake systems are increasingly vulnerable to surrounding industrial, agricultural, and domestic stressors. This research focuses on a comparative limnological evaluation of Manyas and Uluabat Lakes to quantify the extent of anthropogenic degradation. During a systematic monitoring campaign in the winter of 2025, water samples were analyzed for a comprehensive suite of parameters, including physicochemical variables (pH, EC, TDS, salinity, turbidity, SS) and organic/inorganic indicators (DO, O₂ saturation, NO₂-N, PO₄-P, and COD). The analytical results revealed distinct hydrochemical signatures for each system; Uluabat Lake was characterized by a more alkaline nature and superior dissolved oxygen levels, whereas Manyas Lake exhibited a profound organic pollution burden. These findings suggest that Manyas Lake is subject to more intensive allochthonous organic inputs and physical disturbances. This study underscores the necessity of implementing site-specific restoration protocols and integrated basin management to safeguard the ecological functionality of these vital aquatic habitats against escalating environmental pressures.

Assessment of Eutrophication Risks in Strategic Stagnant Ecosystems of the Marmara Basin via Modified Biodegradable Pollution Indices

2026-05-11T10:39:54+00:00

Lentic and enclosed aquatic systems are inherently vulnerable to organic enrichment and accelerated eutrophication due to their limited flushing capacities. Manyas and Uluabat Lakes, two ecologically significant freshwater resources in Northwestern Türkiye, serve as vital habitats and migratory corridors for diverse avian populations. Despite their high conservation status, these ecosystems face mounting pressures from intensified agricultural runoff, industrial effluents, and domestic wastewater. This research evaluates the eutrophication potential and organic pollution levels of Manyas Lake and Uluabat Lake utilizing a suite of Modified Biodegradable Contamination Indices (MBCI) based on regional environmental standards. During the winter of 2025, critical limnological parameters were measured to calculate the index values. The analytical outcomes revealed a significant divergence in the ecological health of the two systems; Manyas Lake demonstrated a substantially higher eutrophication risk compared to Uluabat Lake. According to the applied MBCI results, Manyas Lake was characterized as highly polluted with an advanced eutrophic status, whereas Uluabat Lake exhibited moderate pollution levels and a non-eutrophic character. These findings emphasize the urgent necessity for targeted management strategies to mitigate organic loading and preserve the ecological resilience of these strategic wetland habitats.

Spatial Assessment of Organic Pollution in Three Major Lakes of Türkiye: A Comparative Analysis of BOD and COD Levels in Manyas, Uluabat, and İznik Lakes

2026-05-11T10:38:07+00:00

This study investigates the spatial distribution and comparative water quality status of Manyas, Uluabat, and İznik Lakes using Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) as key indicators of organic pollution. Water samples collected in spring 2025 were analysed, and GIS-based mapping approaches was applied to reveal spatial variability and pollution patterns. Results showed that Uluabat Lake generally exhibited good water quality with low organic load, İznik Lake reflected mostly moderate conditions with localized impacts, while Manyas Lake displayed considerably higher BOD and COD values, indicating stronger organic pollution pressure. According to the Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulation, Manyas Lake was classified at higher pollution classes in several stations, whereas the other two lakes remained largely within lower classes. Overall, the findings highlight clear differences in anthropogenic pressure among the studied lakes and emphasize the importance of continuous monitoring and effective watershed management to protect these ecologically and economically significant freshwater systems.

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of BOD and COD as Organic Pollution Indicators in Porsuk Dam Lake, Türkiye

2026-05-11T10:35:17+00:00

This study evaluates the spatiotemporal distribution of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) as primary indicators of organic pollution in Porsuk Dam Lake, Türkiye. Monitoring was conducted during the winter and spring seasons of 2025 across multiple stations. Pearson Correlation Index (PCI) was applied to the dataset to identify the relationship between BOD and COD. Results revealed a significant increase in both parameters during the spring, with the highest levels recorded at station P1. This station, located at the inflow of the Porsuk Stream, is subject to intensive domestic and industrial discharges from Kütahya Province. The near-perfect correlation between BOD and COD confirms a shared origin, primarily linked to municipal and agricultural wastewaters. Conversely, a gradual improvement in water quality was observed toward the dam outlet; stations P4 and P5, located near the dam gates, exhibited significantly lower organic loads, consistent with the natural self-purification processes of the reservoir. Ultimately, these findings underscore that organic pollution is driven by anthropogenic activities, particularly concentrated at the river-lake interface.

A meta-Analysis of Effects of Green Light Stimulation During Incubation on Hatching Traits in Broiler Chickens

2026-05-11T10:32:53+00:00

Green light stimulation during incubation has gained increasing attention as a potential strategy for improving hatching traits in broiler chickens. However, findings among studies remain inconsistent. Therefore, this meta-analysis evaluated the effects of green light exposure during incubation on hatchability of set eggs, hatchability of fertile eggs, chick length, and chick weight in broiler chickens. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for studies published up to 26 January 2026, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. A total of 3660 records were identified, of which 23 studies met the inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis, while eligible outcomes were included in quantitative meta-analysis. Random-effects models were applied to estimate pooled standardized mean differences with 95% confidence intervals. The meta-analysis demonstrated that green light exposure during incubation significantly improved hatchability of set eggs (standardized mean difference = 1.83, 95% confidence interval: 0.53-3.12; p = 0.0058) and chick length (standardized mean difference = 0.64, 95% confidence interval: 0.02-1.26; p = 0.042). In contrast, no significant effects were observed for hatchability of fertile eggs (standardized mean difference = 0.78, 95% confidence interval: -0.33-1.88; p = 0.167) or chick weight (standardized mean difference = 0.58, 95% confidence interval: -0.50-1.67; p = 0.293). Considerable heterogeneity was detected for hatchability of set and fertile eggs, and chick weight, whereas chick length showed negligible heterogeneity. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness and stability of the pooled estimates. Funnel plot assessment and Egger’s regression test indicated no significant publication bias for chick weight outcomes (p = 0.055). Overall, the findings suggest that green light stimulation during incubation may positively influence hatchability set eggs and chick length in broiler chickens, although its effects on hatchability of fertile eggs and chick weight remain inconsistent. Further standardized studies are needed to determine the optimal light intensity, photoperiod, and incubation stage for green light application in commercial broiler production.

Determination of Some Properties of a Kombucha Beverage Produced with Bitter Orange Peel and Bergamot

2026-05-11T10:28:19+00:00

In recent years, awareness of the role of diet in maintaining human well-being and health has increased. Consumers expect food products not only to provide essential nutrients but also to serve as sources of biologically active compounds that may benefit health. Kombucha is a fermented beverage produced under aerobic conditions through the addition of a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY). In this study, a novel kombucha beverage was developed by fermenting green tea with equal amounts of bitter orange peel and bergamot peel. Green tea was used for kombucha production. Sixty grams of organic brown sugar was added to 1 L of water and boiled. Then, 3.3 g of green tea, 34.3 g of bergamot peel, and 34.3 g of bitter orange peel were added to the boiled water and allowed to steep for 15 min. After cooling to 24–25 °C, 10% kombucha culture was added, and the mixture was allowed to ferment. The pH, titratable acidity (g/L), °Brix, dry matter (%), and color values of the green tea kombucha produced with bitter orange and bergamot peels were 3.27, 0.42 g/L, 6.5, 6.56%, 25.14 (L*), −0.64 (a*), and 0.17 (b*), respectively. In addition, microbiological and antioxidant activity analyses were performed. Sensory evaluation showed that the kombucha containing bitter orange and bergamot peels was generally more highly appreciated in terms of taste than the green tea control group.

Effect of Plant Protein-Based Microencapsulation on Antioxidant Capacity in Probiotic Systems

2026-05-24T20:48:28+00:00

The protection of bioactive compounds against environmental stress factors is of paramount importance in the development of functional food ingredients. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of microencapsulation systems based on rice protein, a plant-derived protein, and inulin, a prebiotic polysaccharide, using conjugation and physical mixing methods, and to evaluate their impact on the antioxidant capacity of systems containing different probiotic strains (Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus acidophilus). In the research, conjugate structures prepared through covalent modification of rice protein and inulin, as well as traditional physical mixtures, were utilized as wall materials. The total phenolic content of the microcapsules was analyzed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and their radical scavenging activities were determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The findings indicated that the total phenolic content of the microcapsules ranged from 275.94 to 291.56 milligrams of gallic acid equivalent per gram (mg GAE/g), while radical scavenging activities ranged between 157.36 and 227.54 milligrams of ascorbic acid equivalent per gram (mg AAE/g). The highest phenolic content and antioxidant potential were identified in the formulation containing Lactobacillus acidophilus prepared with the rice protein-inulin conjugate matrix (LAPC). The results of the study revealed that the covalent conjugation of rice protein and inulin strengthened molecular interactions with phenolic compounds through modifications induced in the protein structure and created a more resilient protective barrier compared to physical mixtures. These findings demonstrate that plant protein-based conjugate systems offer a superior encapsulation strategy for enhancing the oxidative stability of bioactive components in food formulations containing probiotics.

Carcass and Meat Quality Characteristics of Reciprocal Crosses between Anatolian-T and Commercial Broilers

2026-05-15T08:13:16+00:00

This study evaluated carcass characteristics and meat quality of Anadolu-T chickens and reciprocal crosses with commercial broiler parent stocks. Four genotypes (AA, CC, AC, and CA) were evaluated using four replicates, with 24 chicks per replicate. A total of 96 birds were processed after a 12-h feed withdrawal period. Genotype and sex significantly affected carcass and cut-up part weights. Commercial broiler genotypes, particularly CC and AC, showed the highest carcass and cut-up weights, whereas AA showed the lowest values. Males generally had higher carcass and cut-up weights than females. Relative carcass yields were largely stable, although breast and thigh proportions varied among genotypes and sexes. Back fat was affected by genotype and sex, while relative abdominal fat differed among genotypes and sexes. Water-holding capacity and pH were mainly influenced by genotype and carcass region, whereas meat color was primarily affected by carcass region and sex. Overall, reciprocal crossing with commercial broiler genetics improved carcass performance and influenced selected meat quality traits. Genotype and sex significantly influenced absolute carcass traits, with Commercial Broiler genotypes (CC and AC) exhibiting the highest hot and cold carcass weights and marketed cut-up part weights, while AA birds showed the lowest values. Males consistently had higher carcass and cut-up part weights than females across all genotypes. In contrast, carcass proportions relative to live body weight were generally stable, with only breast and thigh proportions showing genotype- and sex-dependent variations. Back fat weight was significantly affected by genotype and sex, whereas abdominal fat was primarily influenced when expressed relative to cold carcass weight. These findings highlight differential fat deposition patterns associated with genetic background and sex. Meat quality analysis revealed that water-holding capacity and pH were largely influenced by genotype and carcass region, with sex showing minimal effect. Hue angle, chroma, and total color difference indicated that meat color traits were primarily shaped by carcass region and sex, while genotype had a limited impact, particularly on color tone (H°). Overall, genetic background and sex predominantly affected absolute carcass traits, fat deposition, and selected meat quality parameters, whereas proportional carcass yields were relatively stable. Reciprocal crossing, particularly with commercial broiler genetics, may improve carcass performance and selected meat quality traits in broiler production.

Evaluation of Welfare Traits in Hybrids Obtained from Reciprocal Crosses between Anatolian-T and Commercial Broiler Parent Stocks

2026-05-15T08:14:54+00:00

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of genotype, sex, and their interaction on welfare-related traits, morphological characteristics, and developmental stability in reciprocal crosses between Anatolian-T and commercial broiler parent stocks at 3 and 6 weeks of age. Welfare indicators, including tonic immobility (TI) and rectal temperature (RT), were largely unaffected by genotype and genotype × sex interactions at both ages. At 3 weeks, sex had a significant effect on RT, with males exhibiting slightly higher values, suggesting early metabolic differences; however, this effect was not observed at 6 weeks. These findings indicate that early physiological welfare traits are relatively stable and largely independent of genetic background. Morphological traits, including comb length (CL), comb width (CW), and beak length (BL), were significantly influenced by sex at both ages, with males consistently showing higher values. Genotype effects were not evident at 3 weeks but became significant at 6 weeks, highlighting the increasing influence of genetic background on phenotypic expression as birds approached market age. Reciprocal cross differences suggested potential maternal and sex-linked genetic effects. Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and relative asymmetry (RA) analyses revealed that developmental instability was generally low and not significantly affected by genotype at 3 weeks. However, at 6 weeks, genotype, sex, and genotype × sex interactions significantly influenced several traits, particularly in head, tarsometatarsus, and foot measurements. These results indicate that developmental instability increases with age and becomes more sensitive to genetic and physiological factors. Taken together, the findings demonstrate that early-stage traits are relatively stable across genotypes, whereas later developmental stages show increased variability driven by genotype, sex, and their interaction. These results emphasize the importance of considering age-dependent effects in broiler breeding and welfare evaluation.

The Effect of Nitrogen and Silicon Treatments on Some Nutrient Concentrations in Wheat

2026-05-12T12:24:37+00:00

Nitrogen (N) is accepted as an essential nutrient for plant growth and development, while silicon (Si) is classified as a beneficial element that can influence stress tolerance and nutrient uptake. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of N and Si treatments on the concentrations of some nutrients (phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn)) in wheat. To this end, a randomized block factorial experimental design was conducted with three replications. In the experiment, four different N doses (0, 50, 100, 150 mg kg⁻¹) and three different Si doses (0, 150, 300 mg kg⁻¹) were applied to the wheat. The results of the study showed that as N treatment doses increased, the concentrations of P, Ca, Mg, and Fe in wheat increased. With increasing silicon treatment doses, Mn and Cu increased to a statistically significant level, while Ca, Mg, Fe, and Zn concentrations were highest in the control group. The results of this study determined that N treatments generally had a positive effect on wheat’s mineral nutrition. Conversely, it was found that while Si treatments increased the uptake of some micronutrients, they limited the uptake of others. Based on these results, it was concluded that the role of silicon, particularly in the regulation of micronutrients, requires further detailed investigation.

Comparative Evaluation of In Vitro, In Situ and In Vivo Methods Used in Rumen Fermentation Studies

2026-05-15T07:53:34+00:00

Accurate and reliable evaluation of rumen fermentation is essential for improving ruminant nutrition, increasing feed utilization efficiency, understanding microbial processes, and controlling enteric methane production. For this purpose, different experimental methods are used in rumen research, which can be broadly classified as in vitro, in situ, and in vivo approaches. Among in vitro methods, batch gas production systems and the Rusitec system are the most widely used approaches, whereas in situ methods allow direct assessment of ruminal degradability, and in vivo methods enable evaluation of the overall biological response at the animal level. In this study, these three major methodological groups commonly used in rumen fermentation studies were comparatively evaluated. Batch gas production systems are rapid, cost-effective, and suitable for the preliminary screening of a large number of samples. The Rusitec system, on the other hand, offers important advantages for monitoring longer-term fermentation processes and microbial changes under more controlled conditions. In situ methods are particularly useful for determining ruminal disappearance and degradability characteristics of feeds, although they provide more limited information on fermentation end products. In vivo methods provide the highest level of biological relevance by linking rumen fermentation responses with animal performance, physiological reactions, and practical production conditions. However, they are also more demanding in terms of cost, labor, time, and experimental control. Overall, no single method appears to fully reflect the complexity of the rumen ecosystem on its own. Therefore, in vitro, in situ, and in vivo methods should be regarded not as alternatives that replace one another, but as complementary approaches serving different research objectives. In conclusion, selecting the most appropriate method according to the aim of the study, and combining these methods when necessary, may contribute to obtaining more reliable and interpretable results in rumen fermentation research.

Animal products in the development of humanity

2026-05-15T07:15:37+00:00

Regarding nutrition, the human species has undergone numerous changes throughout its evolutionary and social history, from the hunting and gathering stage, including the discovery of fire, to the application of agriculture and modern times. These changes have had a direct impact on dietary habits and behaviors, while also significantly affecting some aspects of human health and development. Although human nutritional needs are similar to those of other species, they have varied since the earliest periods of history. These needs have varied depending on many factors such as size, temperature, and physical activity, and differences have also been observed between countries and regions. Factors such as religion, recognition, and sociopolitical conditions are also among the factors that influence the formation of dietary habits. In primitive tribes, the diet of hunter-gatherer tribes consisted mostly of plant-based foods in tropical regions, while animal-based foods were prevalent in colder regions. The first revolution in human dietary habits was the "discovery" of fire. Fire allowed humans to utilize food more efficiently. Cooking facilitated the digestion of food and eliminated potential toxins. Today, the decrease in existing food resources in the face of an increasing population has led scientists to research alternative food sources. In the future, many new generation foods such as high-protein insects, genetically modified foods, and lab-grown meat and seafood will take their place on the shelves. Food security and sustainable food systems are also important issues that have been focused on recently regarding animal products, which have played an important role in the development of humanity. This study will discuss the place of animal products in the development of humanity and the importance of animal foods in healthy physical and mental development.

Innovative Approaches in Agricultural Water Management

2026-05-15T07:16:48+00:00

Agricultural water management is increasingly recognized as a critical component of sustainable food production under conditions of water scarcity and climate uncertainty. Agriculture is the largest consumer of freshwater globally, yet the sector is under growing pressure from rising temperatures, changing precipitation regimes, groundwater depletion, land degradation, and increasing competition among water-using sectors. These challenges have exposed the limitations of conventional irrigation practices and highlighted the need for more efficient, integrated, and climate-resilient management approaches. This review evaluates the current status of agricultural water management and examines innovative approaches that can enhance water-use efficiency and strengthen the sustainability of agricultural systems. The analysis covers both global and Turkish perspectives and focuses on irrigation modernization, integrated water resources management, basin-scale planning, smart irrigation systems, sensor-based applications, remote sensing, GIS, and data-driven decision support tools. In addition, the study discusses water-use efficiency, water productivity, and water footprint perspectives as key frameworks for evaluating agricultural water performance. Particular attention is given to the implications of climate change, especially increasing drought risk, variability in water availability, and the growing need for adaptation at field, scheme, and basin levels. The review shows that improving agricultural water management requires more than technological innovation alone; it also depends on effective governance, coordinated planning, strong monitoring infrastructure, and adaptive policy frameworks. It is concluded that future agricultural sustainability will depend on the successful integration of technological, institutional, and ecological approaches within a comprehensive water management framework.

Long-Term Evaluation of Irrigation Water Use and Agricultural Water Productivity in a Municipality-Operated Open-Canal Scheme: Evidence from Kütahya, Türkiye

2026-05-15T07:17:48+00:00

This study evaluated long-term irrigation water use and agricultural water productivity in the Kuruçay Pond Irrigation Scheme, a municipality-operated open-canal scheme located in Tavşanlı, Kütahya, Türkiye. Institutional records for the 2012–2025 period were used to analyse irrigated crop pattern, irrigation water delivery, crop-based irrigation water productivity, and water economic productivity. The results showed that active irrigation use remained very limited compared with the 325 ha net command area. The actually irrigated area ranged from 4.5 to 26.8 ha, corresponding to irrigation ratios of approximately 1.4%–8.2%. In contrast, irrigation water delivery per irrigated area was relatively high in several years, indicating intensive water use over the limited area actually irrigated. Crop-based physical water productivity varied considerably among crops. Tomato showed the highest values, followed by sugar beet and potato, whereas alfalfa produced lower physical water productivity despite its important share in irrigation water use. Scheme-level water economic productivity ranged from 0.30 to 1.45 US$ m⁻³, mainly depending on crop pattern, production value, and the extent of active irrigation use. The findings indicate that water productivity in small municipality-operated open-canal schemes is shaped not only by water delivery, but also by parcel fragmentation, crop selection, canal operation, and institutional management conditions. Short-term improvements should focus on canal maintenance, flow measurement, crop-pattern guidance, and technical support, while long-term modernization should consider land consolidation followed by a closed piped irrigation network.

LED Light Effects on Soybean Phenology and Agronomics Сharacters for Speed Breeding

2026-05-15T07:52:20+00:00

This study was conducted to determine the effects of different LED light spectra on the phenological development and key agronomic traits of soybean (Glycine max) cultivars grown under controlled environmental conditions, with a particular focus on their potential application in speed breeding protocols. The experiment was carried out in a controlled growth chamber at the Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University. Five soybean varieties; Lider, AKD 22, AKD 23, Antsoy, and Cinsoy were grown under three distinct LED light conditions. These included combinations of deep blue (DB, 445 nm), high red (HR, 660 nm), far-red (FR, 730 nm), cool white (cW, 6500 K) wavelengths, as well as a 3000K white LED treatment. In all treatments, the photo period was set to 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness. Day and night temperatures were maintained at 25°C and 20°C, respectively, while relative humidity was controlled at 60% during the day and 50% at night.

The parameters evaluated were germination time, days to first flowering, plant height, and number of branches. The results showed that LED light spectra significantly influenced phenological development. Notably, under the light spectrum where red light was balanced with blue and white light, soybean plants reached flowering in a shorter time which an advantageous trait for speed breeding systems aimed at rapid generation turnover. Conversely, the 3000K white LED treatment led to a longer flowering period. Varietal differences were also observed for agronomic traits. Overall, the findings indicate that optimizing LED light spectra can effectively shorten the generation time in soybean, making them highly suitable for speed breeding applications. This study provides a scientific result for future breeding programs and controlled-environment research, especially those aiming to accelerate crop improvement through manipulated light regimes.

Quality assessment of gari produced using a garifrying machine

2026-05-15T07:56:11+00:00

Gari is a major cassava-based food product widely consumed in West Africa. In gari processing, the garification stage is critical because it largely determines the quality of the final product, and this operation has recently been mechanized. This study evaluated the quality characteristics of gari produced using a garifrying machine and compared them with gari produced using the traditional manual garification method. Proximate composition, chemical composition, functional properties, and sensory attributes of the gari samples were determined. Results showed significant differences (p<0.05) in ash and moisture contents between the samples. The pH and total titratable acidity values ranged from 3.70–3.82 and 1.36–1.50%, respectively. Hydrogen cyanide contents ranged from 0.12–0.28 mg/kg and differed significantly (p<0.05) between the processing methods, although all values were within safe limits for consumption. No significant differences (p>0.05) were observed in the functional properties, including swelling index, water absorption capacity, and bulk density, which ranged from 4.16–4.23, 5.05–5.62, and 0.69–0.74 g/cm³, respectively. Sensory evaluation of dried gari, soaked gari, and eba showed that machine-produced gari had comparable sensory acceptability to traditionally processed gari, with improved appearance and overall product uniformity. The study demonstrates that garification can be successfully mechanized without adverse effects on gari quality, and the garifrying machine shows potential for efficient large-scale gari production.

Determination of the Effects of Saponin Extract Applied at Different Doses on the Germination of Salvia officinalis Seeds

2026-05-15T07:57:26+00:00

This study was conducted to determine the effects of differentdoses of saponin extract on the germination performance andearly seedling development of Salvia officinalis L. (medicinalsage) seeds. The study was carried out in the PhysiologyLaboratory of the Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University. A total of fivedifferent treatments were evaluated in the experiment: control, hydropriming, hydropriming + 1.25% saponin, hydropriming+ 2.5% saponin, and hydropriming + 5% saponin. The seedswere incubated at 25 °C for 14 days; parameters such as germination rate, germination speed, germination index, germination energy, germination rate in the first seven days, average germination time, G-50 value, root length, and rootthickness were examined. The results showed that increasingsaponin concentration significantly suppressed thegermination and early seedling development of sage seeds. The highest germination rate (56.67%), germination speed(1.08), germination rate in the first seven days (40%), and rootlength (40.17 mm) were determined in the control treatment. In particular, it was found that germination was completelyinhibited with the 5% saponin application. Althoughhydropriming applications promoted early germination in some parameters, it was determined that saponin applicationshad a phytotoxic effect depending on the dose increase. Correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) resultsshowed strong relationships between germination parametersand that high saponin doses had a general suppressive effecton the biological system. In conclusion, it was evaluated thathigh concentrations of saponin applications inhibitedgermination and seedling development in Salvia officinalisseeds; however, saponins may have the potential to be naturally occurring biological regulators or biologicalherbicides.

Categorical Evaluation of Honey Bee Consumption Preferences for Dry Pollen Substitute Candidates

2026-05-15T07:59:00+00:00

Honey bees are essential pollinators for ecosystem sustainability, and pollen represents a primary nutritional resource required for colony development and health. During seasonal periods of pollen scarcity, the use of dry pollen substitutes becomes necessary to support colony nutrition. This study evaluated the consumption preferences of honey bees for 27 dry substitute candidates, categorized as ground products (bee pollen, beetroot, spinach, pumpkin seed), flours (red and green lentil, corn, soybean, oat, buckwheat, wheat germ, breadcrumbs, psyllium husk), ground seeds (chia, sesame, roasted chickpea, black cumin, oleaster), sports supplements/protein sources (whey protein, BCAAs, creatine), and spices (cumin, red pepper, black pepper, thyme, turmeric, ginger). The results demonstrated marked differences in consumption preference among material categories. Red lentil flour exhibited the highest acceptance, exceeding even natural bee pollen consumption, and emerged as the most promising substitute candidate. Moderate consumption was observed for green lentil, corn, oat, soybean, and wheat germ flours, whereas buckwheat flour and breadcrumbs showed limited acceptance. Most ground vegetables, seeds, sports supplements, and spices were either minimally consumed or entirely rejected. A notable observation was that the ultra-fine particle structure of whey protein caused substantial dust dispersion through bee wing fanning, which appeared to discourage product interaction. These findings indicate that, beyond nutritional composition, physical characteristics such as particle size and dustiness strongly influence honey bee acceptance. In particular, lentil-based materials appear to have considerable potential for the development of effective dry pollen substitute formulations.

Plant Parasıtıc Nematodes In Storage Areas

2026-05-15T07:59:42+00:00

Abstract

Plant parasitic nematodes are soil-borne pathogens that cause yield loss and decreased tuber quality in potato tubers in storage areas. Nematodes, carried to storage with potato tubers harvested from infected areas, continue to reproduce in an unsuitable storage environment, causing economic losses in tubers. The most important plant parasitic nematodes found in potato storage areas can be listed as: Potato Rot nematode (Ditylenchus destructor), Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), and Cyst nematodes (Globodera spp). Meloidgoyne chitwoodi causes yield loss and a decrease in chip quality, especially in industrial varieties. The Potato Golden Cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, which is under quarantine, causes yield loss and can spread to different regions with soil particles on seed potatoes. G. rostochiensis, thanks to its resistant cyst form, can survive in the soil for 10-30 years, continuing to feed on plants of the Solanaceae family when they are planted. In Turkey, where potato farming is intensive, the lack of effective chemical control methods for G. rostochiensis is a concern for sustainable potato farming. This study focuses on harmful plant parasitic nematodes in storage, their importance, their effects on yield losses, and control strategies.

Keywords: Potato, G. rostochiensis, yield loss, storage area, tuber, M. spp.

Canine Parvovirus Moleküler Tanısında Primer Seçimi ve Önemi

2026-05-15T08:01:11+00:00

Canine parvovirus (CPV), also known as bloody diarrhea in dogs, is associated with high mortality, particularly in unvaccinated animals. The causative agent is Canine Parvovirus-2, which has a single-stranded DNA genome. The most affected group is puppies (1 month and under) that have not yet been vaccinated or that have been exposed to other animals before sufficient immunity has developed after vaccination. Although there is no specific treatment, rapid diagnosis is important in order to differentiate it from other diseases it may be confused with and to guide the necessary precautions. Since clinical symptoms are not sufficient for diagnosis, diagnosis supported by rapid tests is the most commonly used approach. Alternatively, molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) provide a definitive diagnosis. However, the most important parameter for accurate diagnosis in PCR tests is the selection of the gene region targeted for amplification and the appropriate oligonucleotide primers. If the selected gene region is specifically chosen for diagnosis, it should generally be chosen from regions that are resistant to mutation. In this study, blood samples from 12 dogs suspected of having CPV were examined using 3 different primers. Blood samples were centrifuged at 2000 rpm to remove the leukocyte layer, and the collected middle layer was transferred to 1.5 ml sterile polystyrene tubes using a pipette. The phenol/chloroform method was used for viral DNA extraction. Optimizations were first performed with three different primer pairs targeting the capsid-encoding protein: HFor/HRev (target location 3556-3575/4185–4166), Pbs/Pbas (target location 4043–4062/4470–4449), and Pabs/Pabas (target location 3025–3045/3706–3685), and then the samples were tested with different PCR reactions for each primer pair. 7, 5, and 12 positive results were obtained from each primer pair, respectively. This situation reflects the mutations occurring in the CPV genotype variants (2a, 2b, and 2c) present in the field. Consequently, this shows us that even in viral diseases commonly diagnosed in the field, mutations occurring over time can cause difficulties in diagnosis. The results of our study emphasize the importance of always working with multiple primers.

Effect of different doses of vermicompost applications on oil content and composition of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)

2026-05-15T08:02:22+00:00

The use of organic fertilizers such as vermicompost is becoming increasingly common in agriculture to reduce the environmental damage caused by chemical fertilizers. This research was conducted in 2025 to determine the effect of applying vermicompost at different doses on the oil content and composition of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). The study was established with three replications according to the “Randomized Block Experimental Design” at the application field of Selcuk University Cumra School of Applied Sciences. In the research, the İlksoy variety was used as material, and vermicompost was applied to the plots at four different doses (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg/da). In the study, seed yield, crude oil content, crude oil yield and fatty acid composition were determined. Vermicompost applications had no statistically significant effect on seed yield, crude oil content and crude oil yield. With different vermicompost applications, the seed yield of the İlksoy variety varied between 205.57–262.00 kg/da, the crude oil content between 13.10% and 15.80%, and the crude oil yield between 27.60–42.70 kg/da. The highest seed yield was obtained with the 50 kg/da vermicompost application, while the highest crude oil content and crude oil yield were obtained with the 100 kg/da vermicompost application. The effects of vermicompost applications on fatty acid composition were not statistically significant, except for oleic acid. According to the results, the ratios of linoleic, oleic, linolenic, palmitic, stearic, caprylic, arachidic and behenic acids ranged between 47.77-49.21%, 20.88-21.41%, 10.05-10.67%, 9.73-10.30%, 5.28-5.87%, 0.63-0.87%, 0.46-0.52%, and 0.35-0.38%, respectively. The highest oleic and palmitic acid ratios were obtained in the control group, while the highest linoleic and arachidic acid ratios were recorded at 100 kg/da, the highest linolenic, stearic, caprylic and behenic acid ratios were obtained with 150 kg/da vermicompost application.

Determination of morphological development, yield and protein characteristics of sprouts from different soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars grown under hydroponic conditions

2026-05-15T08:03:26+00:00

Sprouting plants under hydroponic conditions optimizes resource use and enables sustainable production with high yield and quality in a short time. This study aimed to determine the morphological development, yield and protein characteristics of sprouts obtained from soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars grown under hydroponic conditions. This research was conducted in 2025 in a 3×2×2 m hydroponic plant production room belonging to Selcuk University Cumra School of Applied Sciences. The experiment was designed in a randomized plot design with three replications, using four soybean cultivars (Traksoy, Mersoy, İlksoy and Kristal22) as plant material. In the hydroponic system, 40×120 cm plastic trays were utilized for the ebb-and-flow irrigation system, while perforated aluminum containers measuring 25×35 cm were used as germination trays. The results revealed statistically significant differences among cultivars in terms of sprout growth, biomass yield, dry matter ratio and yield, as well as protein ratio and yield (p<0.01). Plant height, root length, biomass yield, dry matter ratio and yield, protein ratio and yield were determined as 24.73 cm, 8.20 cm, 32.50 kg m⁻², 15.87% and 3.98 kg m⁻², 42.41% and 13.63 kg m⁻², respectively. In terms of plant height, the Mersoy was prominent; whereas İlksoy stood out in terms of root development, biomass, dry matter yield, and protein yield. The Traksoy exhibited the highest protein content, while Kristal22 was distinguished by its dry matter content. Among the essential amino acids, lysine, leucine, phenylalanine, threonine, and isoleucine were significant at p<0.01, while valine was significant at p<0.05. Statistically significant differences were also determined for all non-essential amino acids, except tyrosine (p<0.01). Among the non-essential amino acids, the highest values were found for aspartic acid (17.72 g 100 g⁻¹) and glutamic acid (4.89 g 100 g⁻¹). Lysine (3.76 g 100 g⁻¹) and leucine (2.68 g 100 g⁻¹) were the dominant essential amino acids.

ingilizce

2026-05-15T06:03:44+00:00

This study aims to reveal the geomorphological characteristics of Asar Pond and its immediate surroundings, located within the boundaries of Taşköprü district in Kastamonu Province, and to evaluate its geosite potential. Based on field observations, literature review, and analysis of available data, it has been determined that the pond is situated on a karstic limestone unit and forms a system where natural and anthropogenic processes operate together. The lithological features, morphological diversity, and hydrological structure of the area indicate that it represents a site of significant scientific and educational value.Karstic collapse structures observed around the pond, including dolines, uvalas, and ponors, enhance the morphological diversity and allow direct observation of natural processes in the field. This increases the importance of the area for both education and scientific research. Furthermore, an evaluation of the landscape characteristics shows that slope gradients, sediment accumulations, and the contrast between the water surface and its surroundings strengthen the visual aesthetics of the site. These qualities also support its potential for geotourism and recreational use.According to the assessments conducted, the geosite potential of Asar Pond has been evaluated based on four main criteria: scientific observability, educational value, aesthetic features, and conservation status. The results indicate that the area possesses a high value in terms of all these criteria. However, existing deficiencies in promotion and infrastructure limit the effective and sustainable utilization of this potential.In this context, it is of great importance to develop comprehensive planning strategies for the conservation and management of the area. Protecting natural processes and geomorphological features around the pond, improving visitor information and guidance systems, and planning the area for educational and tourism purposes in a controlled manner are essential.In conclusion, Asar Pond and its surroundings stand out as an important geosite with significant geomorphological, natural, and landscape values in terms of scientific, educational, and touristic aspects. Effective management and conservation practices will contribute to increasing regional environmental awareness and ensuring the sustainable use of natural heritage.

Comparison of bonito (Sarda sarda Bloch, 1793) fish and fishing methods in the Black Sea Osman Samsun, Hakan Aksu

2026-05-15T08:17:02+00:00

Abstract

Different prohibitions and restrictions regarding time, location, and minimum catchable size for bonito (Sarda sarda Bloch, 1793) fishing in the Black Sea are prominently featured in Communiqué No. 6/1 and previous communiqués regulating commercial fisheries. However, different opinions and suggestions regarding the fishing of this fish are being brought to the agenda. Bonito fishing methods include bonito hooks, bonito gill nets, seine nets, and bonito purse seines. Additionally, bonito fishing is also carried out using midwater trawls without gates, towed by two boats. This study investigates the effects of five different fishing methods on bonito fishing to ensure the sustainability of bonito stocks and to establish a profitable fishing process with the most appropriate rules and restrictions within a legal framework. The aim is to present this information to the regulatory authorities. In this study, the quantities and compositions of bonito caught using 5 different fishing gear were analyzed in the field, along with their market values, compliance with existing bans and restrictions, and any violations, as the primary data. Fishing with a jig, the simplest method for catching bonito, is permitted starting August 15th, and numerous small fishermen and amateur anglers are intensively catching many small bonito weighing 150-200 grams, which have not yet reached the minimum catch size limit of 25 cm. The edible meat content of these fish is also considerably lower than that of bonito weighing between 500-1000 grams. In recent years, bonito fishing with mid-water trawls has increased in mesh size up to 80 cm on the wings and shoulders of the nets, allowing for faster net pulling and thus enabling smaller bonito to escape the nets. In some fishing seasons, the large quantities of bonito below the minimum catchable size limit caught with jig and purse seines negatively impact the sustainability of these fish stocks. Legal restrictions and regulations should be revised according to the characteristics of all fishing gear and the migration and growth characteristics of bonito.

Keywords: Bonito fish, Purse seine fishing, Stream nets, Seine nets, Bonito jigging, Sustainable aquaculture

Morphological Diversity and Genotypic Discrimination in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.): Implications for Breeding, Stress Tolerance, and Germplasm Conservation

2026-05-15T08:15:52+00:00

Understanding the extent and distribution of phenotypic diversity in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is fundamental for cultivar identification, genetic improvement, and the sustainable utilization of germplasm resources. This study evaluated 15 key qualitative morphological traits across nine genetically diverse tomato genotypes to characterize their phenotypic variability and assess its implications for breeding, particularly for stress resilience. The field experiment was conducted under irrigation during the 2024–2025 off-season at two distinct agro-ecological locations in western Ethiopia: Bako Tibe (1560 m.a.s.l.) and Gambella Tare (2697 m.a.s.l.). Significant inter-genotypic variation was observed for all qualitative descriptors. Fruit traits exhibited pronounced diversity, including predominant shapes (ranging from pyriform to cylindrical), shoulder morphology (flat to strongly depressed), cross-sectional outlines (angular, rounded, irregular), and pistil scar patterns (dot, stellate, linear). Notably, 66.66% of genotypes demonstrated high fruit size homogeneity, while angular cross-sections were predominant (55.55%). The prevalence of abiotic stress-related disorders was genotype-dependent: blotchy ripening was observed in 55.55% of genotypes (slight symptoms), sunscald in 44.44% (exposed), and radial cracking in 55.55% (slightly affected), underscoring the interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Leaf morphological traits, including type (potato, dwarf, Peruvianum) and attitude (drooping, semi-erect, horizontal), further corroborated the substantial genetic diversity. Correlation analysis from the accompanying quantitative trait evaluation revealed that average fruit weight had a strong, positive, and significant genotypic correlation with total marketable fruit yield (rg = 0.35) and fruit yield (rg = 0.716). Our findings align with global studies on tomato landrace diversity and demonstrate that systematic morphological characterization remains a powerful, cost-effective first step for germplasm conservation and for selecting parental lines with desirable agronomic traits, including stress tolerance. The identified genotypes, particularly; 'Cochoro' for yield and 'Melka-salsa' for fruit quality, offer immediate value for breeding programs targeting climate-resilient and market-preferred cultivars.

Micromorphological and Essential Oil Responses of Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis L.) under Drought and Salinity Stress

2026-05-21T06:50:13+00:00

Climate change-induced drought and salinity stress pose major challenges to the growth, physiology, and secondary metabolite production of medicinal and aromatic plants, including Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L.). This study evaluated the effects of drought and salinity stress on growth, physiological traits, micromorphological characteristics, and essential oil content of Japanese mint under controlled conditions. The experiment was conducted in a factorial Completely Randomized Design with three drought levels (100%, 75%, and 50% field capacity) and three salinity levels (0, 50, and 75 millimoles sodium chloride). Growth traits showed limited variation under stress conditions; however, physiological responses differed significantly among treatments. Moderate drought combined with salinity improved chlorophyll content, whereas relative water content declined under severe combined stress. Micromorphological analysis revealed amphistomatic leaves with diacytic stomata and higher stomatal density on the abaxial surface than the adaxial surface. Both glandular and non-glandular trichomes were observed, with capitate glandular trichomes being the predominant type. Glandular trichome density increased markedly under severe drought conditions, suggesting stress-associated changes in metabolite production. Essential oil accumulation was strongly influenced by stress treatments, with the highest oil yield (5.16% on dry weight basis) recorded under moderate drought without salinity, while severe drought and higher salinity reduced oil accumulation and biomass production. Essential oil composition remained menthol-dominant across treatments, although menthone and pulegone contents varied under stress conditions. The findings indicate that moderate stress conditions can enhance essential oil yield and maintain desirable oil quality in Japanese mint, also, moderate stress affects in the pathway level rather than chemotypes of oil. These results provide useful insights for sustainable cultivation and quality improvement of Japanese mint under changing environmental conditions.

The ongoing transformation of bottom trawling fishing in the world and in Türkiye over the past 25 years.

2026-05-15T11:44:45+00:00

Abstract

Bottom trawls, an effective and widely used method for fishing in parts of the seabed and a few meters above, are constantly evolving and skillfully improved worldwide. The structure and equipment feature of trawl nets are increasing their fishing capacity in accordance with modern technology. Many electronic devices also enhance fishing activities and increase catch efficiency in the identification of target species. On the other hand, this situation also negatively affects the natural state of the marine ecosystem, especially the fish bottoms. Therefore, it is one of the most debated and subject to various bans and restrictions on fisheries worldwide. Various methods exist in different countries in Europe, Australia, and the Far East, according to their own conditions and characteristics, to sustain this fishing profitably without negatively impacting the marine ecosystem and fish stocks. This research aims to evaluate the academic studies of the dynamic development process of bottom trawling over the last 25 years, its current bans and restrictions, and to compare it with diverse practices in other geographical areas. This research's data source consists of bottom trawling operations in our country's seas and participation in bottom trawling operations in countries on different continents, examining the catch composition, catch yield, and the effectiveness and results of various bans and restrictions imposed on this type of fishing. According to the research findings and results, although each country imposes numerous bans and restrictions on bottom trawling, the catch of non-target species, also known as discards, and economically valuable species that have not reached reproductive maturity at a young age and size, constitutes at least one-third of the total catch on average in all countries. This ratio varies depending on the country and the species being caught. For sustainable fisheries, it is crucial that the bans and restrictions imposed on this fishing gear, considering the dynamic characteristics of our seas affected by climate change, are updated promptly when necessary, taking into account location, time, and technical specifications, and that the decisions made are meticulously monitored in practice in the field.

Keywords: Bottom trawling, bottom-dwelling fish, sustainable fisheries, fish finder devices, discard species

THE EFFECT OF FERMENTATION AT LOW TEMPERATURE WITH DIFFERENT STARTER CULTURE COMBINATIONS AND THE USE OF DIFFERENT PACKAGING ON SOME QUALITY PARAMETERS OF AKÇAKATIK CHEESE

2026-05-21T06:48:31+00:00

Arka Plan: Akçakatık peyniri, geleneksel yöntemlerle üretilen çörekotu ve karanfilli geleneksel bir peynirdir. Bu çalışmada, düşük sıcaklıkta farklı starter kültür kombinasyonları ile gerçekleştirilen fermentasyonun ve karın ile polietilen ambalaj materyallerinde olgunlaştırmanın Akçakatık peynirinin bazı fizikokimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik özellikleri üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Yöntemler: Peynir üretiminde düşük sıcaklıkta pastörize edilen süte %3 oranında yoğurt kültürü (YK) ile yoğurt ve peynir kültürü kombinasyonu (YPK) ilave edilmiştir. Geleneksel üretime alternatif olarak sütler 20°C’de yaklaşık 24 saat fermentasyona bırakılmıştır. Üretilen peynir örnekleri karın ve polietilen ambalaj materyallerinde paketlenmiş ve +4°C’de 90 gün depolanmıştır. Depolama süresince örneklerin fizikokimyasal, renk ve mikrobiyolojik özellikleri analiz edilmiştir.

Sonuçlar: Depolama süresince titrasyon asitliği değerleri artış göstermiştir. Yoğurt ve peynir kültürü kombinasyonunun kullanılan YPK grubu örneklerde asitlik gelişiminin daha belirgin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Karın ambalajında olgunlaştırılan peynirlerde kurumadde, yağ, kül, tuz, renk b* değerlerinin daha yüksek olduğu, su aktivitesi değerlerinin ise önemli düzeyde azaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Tirozin değerinin depolama süresince tüm örneklerde benzer olması, depolama sırasında acılaşmanın meydana gelmediğini göstermektedir. Renk açısından L* ve a* değerlerinin azaldığı, tirozin değerinin değişmediği belirlenmiştir. Karın ambalajının geçirgen yapısına bağlı olarak oluşan nem kaybından dolayı kurumadde ile ilişkili olan diğer değerlerin de arttığı, ürünün mat ve kuru görünümü nedeniyle renk değerlerinin etkilendiği tespit edilmiştir. Mikrobiyolojik analiz bulgularına göre, Polietilen ambalajda olgunlaştırılan peynirlerin Lactobacillus spp. ve Lactococcus spp. sayılarının daha yüksek olduğu, karın ambalajda su aktivitesinin depolama süresince azalması nedeniyle bu mikroorganizma sayılarının azaldığı saptanmıştır. Ayrıca 20°C’de gerçekleştirilen uzun süreli fermentasyonun mezofilik starter kültür mikroorganizmalarının gelişimini desteklediği saptanmıştır. Maya-küf sayılarının depolama süresince arttığı ve karın ambalajlı örneklerde daha yüksek değerlere ulaştığı tespit edilmiştir. Tüm örneklerin lipolitik bakteri sayıları depolama boyunca düzenli olarak azalırken, proteolitik bakteri sayılarında başlangıçta sınırlı artış, ilerleyen dönemlerde ise azalma meydana gelmiştir.

Sonuç: Farklı starter kültür kombinasyonun Akçakatık peynirlerinin olgunlaşma sürecinde hem fizikokimyasal hem de mikrobiyolojik özellikler üzerinde önemli etkiler yarattığı belirlenmiştir.

ORGANİK ARICILIKTA VARROA DESTRUCTOR İLE MÜCADELE YÖNTEMLERİ

2026-05-21T07:00:12+00:00

Organik arıcılık; doğada bulunan nektar, polen, su ve propolisin arılar tarafından toplanarak çeşitli arı ürünlerine dönüştürülmeleri işleminde, üretimden tüketime kadar her aşaması kontrollü ve sertifikalı bir yetiştiricilik biçimidir. (Cengiz&Genç& Dodoloğlu, 2010). Sosyal canlılar gurubunda yer alan bal arısı türünü (Apis mellifera) etkileyen farklı arı hastalıkları ve zararlıları vardır. Bu hastalıklarla ve zararlılarla mücadele edilmediği takdirde kolonilerin verim düzeylerinin düştüğü ve hatta öldükleri gözlemlenmiştir (Burğut& Kumova& Eldeniz& Burğut, 2011). Dünya’ da ve ülkemizde bal arılarının en önemli paraziti olarak bilinen Varroa destructor (arı akarı) bal arılarının hemolenfini emerek kolonilerin zayıflamasına ve birkaç yıl içerisinde sönmesine neden olmaktadır. Günümüzde Varroa destructor teşhisi amacı ile kullanılan pek çok yöntem bulunmaktadır. Ergin bal arıların eter, alkol, sıcak su, deterjan, gazolin gibi sıvılarla çalkalanması veya bal arılarının pudra şekeri ile muamele edilmesi, erkek petek gözlerinde parazit varlığının araştırılması gibi teknikler hastalığın tanısında kullanılan başlıca yöntemlerdendir (Tutkun, 2016). Bal arısı hastalık ve parazitleriyle mücadelede; kimyasal, genetik ve yöresel kontrol yöntemleri uygulanmaktadır. Özellikle Varroa destructor mücadelesinde kimyasal yöntemler çok yoğun bir şekilde uygulanmakta olup arıcılar tarafından çok tercih edilmekte ve uygulanmaktadır. Ancak kimyasalların yoğun olarak kullanılması neticesinde hastalık ve zararlılar direnç kazanmaya başladı ve mücadelede kullanılan ilaçlar etkisiz hale gelmeye başlamıştır (Burğut ve ark., 2011). Varroa destructorun tedavisinde bir çok organik ilaçlar kullanılmaktadır. Organik asitler ve aromatik bitkilerden çıkarılan uçucu yağ asitlerinin kalıntı (rezidü) yönünden daha güvenli olmaları nedeniyle araştırmalar bu konuda yoğunlaştırılmıştır. Birçok ülkede öncelikle uçucu yağ asitlerinin etkileri üzerinde durulmuş, kekik (Thymus spp), ardıç katranı, çam yaprağı (Pinus spp), tütün (Nicotiana spp) ve pireotu (Pyrethrum spp) gibi bitkilerin özü veya kurutulmuş yaprakları farklı doz ve karışımlar halinde arı akarı mücadelesinde kullanılmıştır (Tutkun, 2016). Böylece hem pestisit kalıntılarının balda kalması önlenmiş hem de organik arıcılık yapan arıcılara Varroa destructor ile mücadele için doğal ürünler sunulabilmiştir( Şahinler & Alapala, 2017).

Carcass yield of West African dwarf goats fed graded level of millet husk – based diets

2026-05-21T06:56:40+00:00

The study evaluated the effect of replacing wheat bran with millet husk on the carcass traits of West African dwarf (WAD) goats under. Twenty weaner goats were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments (T1 – T5 in a Completely Randomized Design, with 4 animals per treatment. T1 serves as the control with 0% millet husk, while T2, T3, T4, and T5 contained 6.25%, 12.5%, 18.75 and 25% millet husk inclusion levels as a replacement for wheat bran respectively. The feeding trial lasted 90 days and carcass characteristics were assessed. The results revealed that goats on T1 exhibited superior growth and carcass characteristics compared to those on T2 –T5 (p<0.05). However, goats fed diets containing up to 50% millet husk replacement maintained appreciable live weight and carcass traits, indicating that millet husk and serve as a viable partial substitute for wheat bran. The inclusion of millet husk also promotes the utilization of an agricultural waste, reduce environmental pollution, and adds economics value to millet husk. Additionally, it provides a practical alternatives to mitigate feed scarcity during the lean period of the year. It is therefore concluded that millet husk can replace wheat bran at up to 50% in the diets of WAD goats without compromising growth and carcass performance.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Malaysia Diabetes Prevention Programme (MyDiPP) Mobile Application in Supporting Weight Loss Among Adults at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomised Controlled Trial

2026-05-21T06:58:23+00:00

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing public health concern in Malaysia, and early intervention is critical for prevention. Mobile health (mHealth) applications, such as the Malaysia Diabetes Prevention Programme (MyDiPP), offer promising platforms to support behavioural modification and reduce diabetes risk. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the MyDiPP mobile application on body weight change among adults at high risk of developing T2DM. Methods: A single-blind, randomised controlled trial was conducted among 112 high-risk adults in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. Participants were randomly assigned to either the intervention group (n=56), which received access to the MyDiPP mobile application comprising educational modules, self-monitoring tools, health coaching, and peer support for 12 months, or the control group (n=56), which received standard health education. Body weight was measured at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Changes in body weight were analysed using repeated measures ANCOVA under an intention-to-treat (ITT) approach. Results: The intervention group achieved significantly greater reductions in body weight compared to the control group at both 6 months (mean difference: −2.28 kg; 95% CI: −4.09 to −0.46; p = 0.014) and 12 months (mean difference: −2.09 kg; 95% CI: −4.11 to −0.08; p = 0.042). While within-group weight changes did not reach statistical significance, the between-group differences support the added value of the digital intervention. Conclusions: The MyDiPP mobile application demonstrates potential as an effective, scalable mHealth tool to promote modest weight loss among high-risk individuals, thereby supporting diabetes prevention efforts in Malaysia. Future research should investigate long-term adherence, user engagement strategies, and the integration of such digital tools into national public health initiatives.

the Multi-Grid Spatial Modeling of Wheat Yields within climate change impact in Southeastern Türkiye

2026-05-21T07:01:41+00:00

Southeastern Türkiye, particularly the provinces of Gaziantep and Şanlıurfa, faces increasing threats from climate-induced thermal and moisture stress, making it a critical wheat production corridor. Accurate regional yield estimation is essential for developing localized adaptation strategies; however, the impact of spatial resolution on model precision remains a key challenge. This study utilizes a high-resolution modeling approach to estimate wheat productivity by integrating the DSSAT crop model within two distinct spatial frameworks: the Pythia platform and the CCAFS Regional Agricultural Forecasting Toolbox (CRAFT).

The study methodology employs a comparative grid-based analysis, utilizing Pythia at a coarse resolution of 55 km and CRAFT at a finer resolution of 10 km to capture localized environmental heterogeneities. Climate forcing data were derived from the GFDL, MPI, and UKESM1 Earth System Models under multiple Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP1-2.6, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5) to project yield trajectories through the mid-century and end-century. Furthermore, the study evaluates the efficacy of different adaptation measures, such as sowing date, to mitigate the projected shortening of the grain-filling period.

Preliminary results indicate that the 10 km CRAFT-based simulations provide significantly more granular insights into yield anomalies and climate "hotspots" compared to the 55 km Pythia output, particularly in the topographically diverse areas of Gaziantep. This multi-scalar assessment demonstrates that while coarse-resolution models are effective for broad regional trends, 10 km grid-based modeling is necessary for province-level agricultural planning and for optimizing sowing dates. The findings provide a robust evidence base for policymakers to enhance food security and implement precision adaptation strategies in Turkiye's Mediterranean climate hotspot.

BEE BREAD: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND POTENTIAL HEALTH BENEFITS

2026-05-21T07:02:43+00:00

Perga, also known as bee bread, is a natural bee product formed through the fermentation of pollen collected by honey bees after being mixed with nectar, honey, and bee-derived enzymes and stored within honeycomb cells. During the fermentation process, the activity of lactic acid bacteria enhances the bioavailability of pollen and induces significant biochemical modifications in its nutritional composition. Bee bread is characterized by a rich chemical composition including proteins, free amino acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and phenolic compounds. In particular, bioactive constituents such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and carotenoids contribute substantially to its antioxidant capacity.

Recent studies have demonstrated that bee bread may exert several beneficial effects on human health. Owing to its phenolic compound content, bee bread has been reported to reduce the effects of free radicals and contribute to the prevention of oxidative stress. Furthermore, it has been associated with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and hepatoprotective activities. Bee bread has also been suggested to positively influence the gut microbiota and exhibit prebiotic properties. In addition, regular consumption may support the immune system, regulate energy metabolism, and contribute to the maintenance of overall health.

In this review, the chemical composition of bee bread, the biochemical changes occurring during the fermentation process, and its potential health effects were evaluated in the light of current literature. Bee bread appears to possess considerable potential as a functional food and natural health-promoting product; however, further advanced clinical studies are needed to better elucidate its mechanisms of action.

A governance-by-design framework for secure ai-enabled digital agriculture platforms

2026-05-21T09:29:47+00:00

Digital agriculture platforms now bring together a wide range of data sources, including sensor measurements, satellite imagery, meteorological records, farm-level observations, mobile applications, and AI-based models. This integration creates clear opportunities for precision agriculture, climate-smart production, evidence-informed advisory services, and more sustainable use of agricultural resources. Yet the same platforms also raise difficult questions about data ownership, cybersecurity, model reliability, privacy, and accountability in decision-making. In practice, many digital agriculture projects still give greater attention to predictive performance than to the governance and security structures required for responsible use. This imbalance becomes especially problematic when such systems are expected to inform real decisions that affect farmers, public institutions, production planning, and environmental sustainability.

This study develops a governance-by-design framework for secure AI-enabled digital agriculture platforms. The framework is organized around three mutually reinforcing layers: data governance, cybersecurity and AI risk management, and decision accountability. The data governance layer covers issues such as data ownership, access rights, consent, data quality, provenance, and responsible data sharing. The cybersecurity and AI risk management layer deals with identity management, role-based access control, API security, IoT and sensor vulnerabilities, data poisoning, model manipulation, system logging, and incident monitoring. The decision accountability layer focuses on how AI-generated recommendations should be explained, validated, documented, and linked to human oversight.

The central contribution of this study is its shift in perspective. Rather than treating digital agriculture platforms mainly as model-driven prediction tools, the study frames them as trustworthy decision-support infrastructures. By bringing together information systems governance, cybersecurity controls, and AI accountability principles, the proposed framework offers a conceptual basis for designing agricultural digital platforms that are secure, auditable, and responsibility-aware. In this respect, the framework can support researchers, software developers, agricultural institutions, and policymakers in building more reliable and accountable digital transformation strategies for agriculture.

A knowledge graph-based agricultural information architecture for sustainable decision support

2026-05-21T09:32:13+00:00

Sustainable agricultural decision support increasingly depends on the ability to connect different kinds of knowledge rather than simply accumulate more data. Crop characteristics, soil properties, climate conditions, water requirements, pest and disease information, farm practices, regional constraints, and sustainability indicators all enter into agricultural decisions. In many existing digital agriculture systems, however, these resources are stored in separate structures and described with different terms and assumptions. This fragmentation reduces interoperability and reuse, and it also makes recommendations harder to explain. Prediction and monitoring tools are useful, but they often leave the relationships among crops, soils, environmental conditions, management practices, risks, and decision outcomes only weakly represented.

This study develops a knowledge graph-based agricultural information architecture for sustainable decision support. The architecture represents agricultural decision knowledge through connected entities such as crop, soil, climate condition, water resource, disease, pest, farm practice, region, sustainability indicator, and recommendation. These entities are linked through relations such as requires, is suitable for, increases risk of, reduces, is affected by, and is recommended for. Representing agricultural knowledge as a graph makes it possible to support structured queries, semantic integration, evidence tracing, and interpretable recommendations.

The contribution of the study is mainly architectural. It moves the discussion from isolated repositories and model-centered prediction tools toward relational knowledge infrastructures. Such an infrastructure can support crop-soil suitability analysis, irrigation advisory, disease-risk interpretation, sustainable practice recommendation, and region-specific agricultural planning. From a Management Information Systems perspective, the study treats knowledge graphs as a reusable semantic backbone for agricultural information systems. From a Computer Engineering perspective, it provides a graph-based structure for integrating heterogeneous agricultural data and supporting explainable, query-driven, and sustainability-oriented decision intelligence.

the In Vitro and In Silico Analysis of the Potential Effects of Kaempferol on Cell Viability and Calcium-Mediated Apoptotic Pathways in C6 Glioma Cells

2026-05-21T09:36:51+00:00

This study aimed to investigate the effects of kaempferol on cell viability, intracellular calcium signaling, and apoptosis-related possible molecular mechanisms in C6 glioma cells. C6 rat glioma cells were cultured under appropriate cell culture conditions and treated with 25, 50, and 100 µM concentrations of kaempferol for 24 hours. Cell viability was evaluated using the XTT assay. Changes in intracellular calcium levels were analyzed by fluorescent calcium imaging using Fluo-4 AM fluorescent dye. To evaluate the potential effects of kaempferol on calcium-mediated apoptotic mechanisms, a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network including BAX, VDAC1, CYCS, CASP9, and CASP3 proteins was constructed using the STRING database. In addition, KEGG pathway enrichment analysis was performed for the selected gene/protein set. Statistical analyses were conducted using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test, and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. The findings demonstrated that kaempferol treatment significantly reduced the viability of C6 glioma cells and increased intracellular calcium signaling. In conclusion, kaempferol may exert antiproliferative effects in C6 glioma cells through calcium-mediated apoptotic mechanisms. However, further molecular and functional studies are needed to confirm the underlying mechanism more comprehensively.

Adoption Dynamics and Economic Valuation of Urban Rooftop Gardening: Micro econometric Evidence from Bangladesh

2026-05-21T09:38:26+00:00

Urban rooftop gardening is increasingly viewed as a practical response to food insecurity, rising urban temperatures, and environmental stress in South Asian megacities. Yet the household economics shaping adoption decisions and the potential demand for commercial rooftop gardening services remain insufficiently examined. This paper presents what appears to be the first integrated microeconometric analysis of rooftop gardening in Dhaka that jointly estimates household adoption behaviour, willingness to pay for professional services, and the factors associated with that willingness within a unified household production framework. The study uses original survey data collected from 445 households located in Dhaka North and South City Corporations. Household adoption is estimated through a Probit model grounded in Random Utility Maximisation, with HC3 heteroskedasticity consistent standard errors and a Firth penalised likelihood specification used for robustness assessment. Mean willingness to pay is estimated through a double bounded contingent valuation framework with bootstrap confidence intervals, while the determinants of willingness to pay are examined using a log normal interval censored regression model. The estimated mean willingness to pay for a professional rooftop gardening package is BDT 1765 per month with a 95 percent confidence interval ranging from BDT 1651 to BDT 1894. The findings reveal several notable asymmetries. Higher income households are less likely to engage in rooftop gardening directly, yet they display substantially higher willingness to pay for outsourced services. Neighbourhood gardening exposure increases the probability of adoption but reduces willingness to pay, suggesting the presence of localised free rider incentives. Social media exposure raises willingness to pay without generating a corresponding increase in adoption. Across both behavioural margins, rooftop water access emerges as the strongest predictor. The results point to a segmented urban market composed of self-producing households and service-oriented consumers, with implications for municipal infrastructure planning and urban environmental policy.

Thermal Inactivation of Salmonella spp. in Tandoori Chicken

2026-05-21T09:39:48+00:00

Salmonella spp. is a major foodborne pathogen commonly associated with meat products and the processing environment. Although thermal processing effectively eliminates this pathogen, the efficacy of microbial inactivation depends strongly on the applied time–temperature combination. This study aimed to evaluate the microbial reduction of Salmonella spp. in tandoori chicken under defined cooking conditions at temperatures of 55°C and 60°C using defined heating time intervals. The objectives were to determine the thermal inactivation parameters (D-value and z-value) and to calculate the F-value required to achieve a 7-log reduction of Salmonella spp. in tandoori chicken. Tandoori chicken samples (25 g) were inoculated with a three-strain Salmonella cocktail to achieve an initial population of approximately 7 log₁₀ CFU/g and subjected to thermal treatment at 55°C and 60°C under controlled conditions. Survivor curves were generated to determine decimal reduction times (D-values) and the z-value using linear regression analysis, and F₇ values were calculated to estimate the process time required to achieve a 7-log reduction. Recovery of thermally injured cells was assessed using TSA and TSA/XLD overlay agar. Salmonella inactivation was markedly temperature-dependent, with more than 5 log reductions achieved within 15 min at 60 °C, compared to a gradual reduction at 55 °C. The D-values of Salmonella spp. in tandoori chicken were 3.79 min at 55°C and 1.02 min at 60°C, with a z-value of 8.77°C. The corresponding F₇ values were 26.53 min and 7.14 min at 55°C and 60°C, respectively, demonstrating substantially greater lethality at the higher treatment temperature. Enhanced recovery on TSA/XLD overlay agar suggested the presence of sublethal injured cells following thermal exposure. These findings provide matrix-specific thermal inactivation parameters for Salmonella spp. in marinated poultry and contribute data for the validation of scientifically robust cooking processes and HACCP-based control strategies to improve poultry product safety.

Infusion Variables Affecting Bioactive Compound Yield in Dry Scent Leaf (Ocimum gratissimum Linn.) Tea

2026-05-21T10:58:15+00:00

Abstract

Scent leaf (Ocimum gratissimum Linn.) is widely utilized in traditional medicine and culinary applications due to its rich content of bioactive phytochemicals. However, limited information is available on the optimization of infusion variables for maximizing bioactive compound extraction when prepared as herbal tea. This study evaluated the effects of particle size, infusion temperature, and soaking duration on the extraction of bioactive compounds from dried scent leaf tea. Dried leaves were milled and sieved into particle sizes of 0.30, 0.60, and 1.18 mm. Infusions were prepared using 2 g of dry scent leaf in 25 mL distilled water at temperatures of 30, 50, and 70 °C with soaking durations of 3, 5, and 7 minutes. Total dissolved solids (TDS) were used as an indicator of extraction yield. Results showed that extraction efficiency increased with increasing temperature and decreasing particle size. The highest extraction yield (0.87 mg L⁻¹ TDS) was obtained at 70 °C using a particle size of 0.30 mm and a soaking duration of 7 min. Nutritional evaluation of the optimized infusion revealed appreciable levels of carbohydrates (9.95%), protein (4.18%), potassium (120.5 ppm), phytate (2.32 mg 100 g⁻¹), and vitamin C (12.94 mg 100 g⁻¹). The infusion contained relatively low amounts of crude fibre (0.07%), magnesium (8.67 ppm), saponin (0.42 mg 100 g⁻¹), and vitamin A (205.92 µg 100 g⁻¹). The findings demonstrate that optimized infusion conditions significantly enhance extraction yield and nutritional quality of scent leaf tea, supporting its potential as a functional herbal beverage.

Utilisation of Carrot Pomace as an Ingredient in Tomato Paste Production

2026-05-21T10:42:03+00:00

Carrot pomace, a by-product accounting for 50% of food waste from carrot juice extraction, is significantly valued for its high content of antioxidants, minerals, vitamins, and dietary fibre. Tomatoes, one of the most widely consumed vegetables, are often processed into tomato paste for year-round availability. However, significant nutrient loss occurs during processing, making fortification a necessary step. This study investigated the effect of incorporating carrot pomace on the nutritional profile and quality attributes of tomato paste. The tomato paste formulations were prepared with varying proportions of carrot pomace, specifically 20%, 27.5%, 35%, 42.5%, and 50%, with the remaining composition consisting of tomato and a control made up of 100% tomatoes. The formulated tomato-carrot pomace pastes were evaluated for their proximate composition, pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, beta-carotene content, lycopene content, vitamin C content, colour parameters, and microbial load.

Results showed significant variations in moisture, ash, protein, oil/fat, fibre, and carbohydrate (CHO) content. Beta-carotene content and total soluble solids increased with the addition of carrot pomace, while pH, titratable acidity, lycopene content, and vitamin C content decreased. Colour analysis revealed an increase in yellowness (b*), while redness (a*) and lightness (L*) exhibited a decrease. Samples with a higher proportion of tomato recorded relatively high yeast and mould counts. The optimized formulation, consisting of 61.8% tomato and 38.2% carrot pomace, was well rated for appearance, texture, taste, and aftertaste. The incorporation of carrot pomace into tomato paste not only enhances its nutritional profile but also contributes to reducing food waste, offering a sustainable and functional approach to improving food products.

özet Nanoteknoloji ile Yumurtanın Kalite Özelliklerinin Korunması

2026-05-21T09:42:14+00:00

Yumurta, doğanın en eksiksiz ve fonksiyonel besin kaynaklarından biridir. Hem yüksek besin değeri hem de gıda sanayisindeki benzersiz kullanım özellikleri ile önemli bir ticari üründür. Ancak üretim kaynağı ve fiziksel özellikleri gereği raf ömrü kısadır ve kalite kayıpları kaçınılmazdır. Yumurta, yapısı gereği mikrobiyal kontaminasyona (Salmonella sp.) açık bir gıdadır. Bu kadar değerli bir gıdadan daha fazla yararlanmak için; sıvı yumurta pastörizasyonu ve toz yumurta üretimi gibi yöntemler kullanılmaktadır. Ancak son yıllarda nanoteknolojik kaplama gibi modern muhafaza teknikleri yaygın olarak araştırılmakta ve uygulanmaktadır. Çalışmada; lavanta (Angustifolia-Sevtopolis) ekstresi, polivinil alkol polimeri içersine elektrsosping yöntemiyle Nanoenkapsüle edilerek, yağlı kağıt ve alüminyum folya üzerinde toplanarak Salmonella typhimurium (ST) ile kontamine edilmiş tavuk yumurtası kaplanmıştır. 4 °C'de 35 günlük depolama süresi boyunca yumurta numunelerinin; iç-dış kalite parametreleri, toplam aerobik bakteri ve salmonella sayımı gerçekleştirilmiştir. Üretilen nanofiberlerin termal davranışı, moleküler karakterizasyonu ve morfolojik özellikleri TGA, FTIR ve SEM analizleri ile ortaya konulmuştur. Sonuç olarak; kontrol grubu numunelerine (nano uygulama yapılmamış) kıyasla, 35 günlük depolama süresi boyunca yumurta numunelerindeki toplam aerobik bakteri üremesi %31,9'a (1,38 log CFU/g) kadar engellenmiştir. ST büyümesini; alüminyum folyoda 3,2 log CFU/g ve yağlı kağıtta 2,6 log CFU/g'ye kadar engellediği gösterilmiştir. Uygulanan nanoenkapsülasyon yöntemi kabuk kalınlığını etkilemeksizin ağırlık kaybını azaltırken; kontrole oranla ak indeksi, sarı indeksi ve Haugh birimi gibi kritik kalite parametrelerini yüksek düzeyde korumuştur. Lavanta ekstraktı içeren nanofiber uygulaması, yumurtaların kalite parametrelerini koruyan ve mikrobiyolojik güvenliğini artıran etkin bir nanoteknolojik strateji olarak ortaya konmuştur.

Contribution of sensors on emerging contaminants in agricultural wastewater

2026-05-21T09:44:08+00:00

Sensors are constructed from materials based on ordered mesoporous carbon that have unique structural and electrochemical properties that work as a useful sensing platform for locating environmental pollutants in wastewater. In agricultural fields, a variety of pollutants, including fertilizers, pesticides, and sediments, affect water resources. These newly discovered pollutants are typically present in surface runoff in agricultural watersheds at readily detectable amounts. These also pose significant risks to the living world, which makes pollutant detection crucial for preserving the safety and quality of water. In-depth monitoring and control of agricultural water quality are made possible by small, reasonably priced sensors that may be used in the field to detect pollutants at their source. The aim and objectives of this study are to evaluate the nature of pollutants, their effects, and the role that sensors play in agricultural wastewater monitoring. In order to investigate their type, impacts, and presence in agricultural water bodies, a targeted literature search was carried out on scientific databases like Google Scholar and journal repository platforms, primarily ScienceDirect and Elsevier. In this review, the occurrence, detection, and monitoring of heavy metals, pesticides, and other pollutants are summarized using contemporary sensors. This research offers a roadmap for other researchers to use sensing methods to monitor and identify pollutants in water bodies by outlining the benefits and drawbacks of various detection techniques.

Antioxidant properties of probiotic Bacillus strains isolated from tarhana

2026-05-21T10:39:59+00:00

The presence of antioxidant capacity in a probiotic microorganism may provide an additional health benefit by reducing oxidative stress caused by free radicals. Furthermore, the use of probiotics with antioxidant properties in food systems can contribute to the preservation of product quality and the extension of shelf life by limiting oxidative deterioration. In this study, antioxidant capacities of twelve probiotic Bacillus isolates were investigated. The antioxidant activities (DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities) of cell-free supernatant, intact cells and intracellular extracts were determined. The isolates were grown in nutrient broth at 37 ^oC for 24 h. Subsequently, they were centrifuged to separate the supernatant and the cells. The supernatants were filtered through a 0.22 µm membrane filter, and the cells were washed three times with phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2). Some cells were separated for the analysis of the intact cells, and the rest were subjected to ultrasonication to disrupt the cells. After ultrasonication, they were centrifuged and the activity of the upper phases were determined. Antioxidant activities were determined using 96-well plates using a microplate reader. The results showed that DPPH radical-scavenging activities of the supernatants (47.4-65.6 %) were significantly higher than those of the intracellular (10.0-13.5 %) or intact cells (7.5-28.7 %). On the other hand, ABTS radical scavenging activities of the intact cells (16.3-49.1 %), and intracellular extracts (7.9-39.2 %) were higher than DPPH activities. In addition, the supernatants showed ABTS activity ranging from 50.4 to 57.1 %. In conclusion, probiotic Bacillus isolates exhibited antioxidant potential, particularly in their cell-free supernatants, suggesting that antioxidant compounds released by the isolates may contribute to their functional properties and support their use as probiotic cultures in food applications.

Investigation of Effects of Different Nitrogen Doses on Yield And Yield Components of Bread and Durum Wheat Varieties

2026-05-24T21:03:11+00:00

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different nitrogen doses on yield and yield components in durum and bread wheat varieties. In study, Kızıltan 91 durum wheat and Obala bread wheat varieties were used, and nitrogen application doses of 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 kg da^-1 were applied. The study was conducted in Göksun district of Kahramanmaraş between November and July. The experiment was conducted using a split-plot design with 20 cm row among, 6 rows, and 500 seeds per m² sown manually. The tillering number, plant height, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, hectoliter weight, number of fertile spikelets, and grain yield characteristics of Kızıltan 91 durum wheat and Obala bread wheat varieties were examined. Statistically significant differences were recorded among varieties in terms of plant height, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, and grain yield. Fertilizer doses were found to have a positive effect on all examined characteristics and to create statistically significant differences. The highest grain yield per decare was obtained from the Kızıltan 91 durum wheat and Obala bread wheat varieties with a nitrogen dose of 20 kg da^-1, yielding 493 and 508 kg respectively. It was recorded that 502 kg of grain yield per decare was obtained from the application of a 16 kg da-1 nitrogen dose to the Obala bread wheat variety, and no statistically significant difference was observed between the 16 kg da-1 and 20 kg da-1 nitrogen dose applications. Grain yield was obtained as 418 kg da^-1 for the Kızıltan 91 durum wheat variety and 464 kg da-1 for the Obala bread wheat variety.

Potato Virus Epidemiology and the Emerging Role of Alternative Weed Hosts

2026-05-21T11:23:52+00:00

Potato viruses remain a serious constraint to worldwide potato production. They cause a serious yield loss, deterioration of tuber quality, and seed degeneration worldwide. Among the most economically important pathogens, potato leafroll virus (PLRV)and potato virus Y (PVY) continue to spread geographically. The Expansion has been associated with increased monoculture systems, changes in the ecology of aphid vectors due to climate change and the emergence of recombinant viral strains. Despite the progress made in disease management, current epidemiological frameworks still underestimate the main role of weed reservoirs in virus persistence, inoculum carryover and secondary transmission in potato agroecosystems. Recent molecular metagenomic and landscape-scale studies increasingly identify weed communities as active epidemiological studies rather than incidental alternative hosts. Weed species such as Chenopodium album & solanum nigrum can harbour potato viruses, and preserve an asymptomatic infection, sometimes leading to the maintenance of potato viruses in the weed species for a season, and also support aphid vector survival. These reservoirs can carry viral inoculum between cropping cycles and intensify next season transmission in the potato crop. Emerging virome surveillance has also revealed hidden viral diversity within non-crop vegetation, including the identification of recombinant and undetected viral variants. Recent evidence indicates that weed-mediated persistence is more central role in the initiation of outbreaks and seed degeneration dynamics than previously recognized. This review summarises the most recent potato virus epidemiology and re-evaluates the ecological significance of weed reservoirs under rapidly changing agroecosystems. Particular emphasis is placed on virus vector weed interactions, recombinant viral evolution, climate vector response migration and landscape connectivity influencing disease emergence. The review concludes that sustainable virus management is insufficient to depend solely on certified seed systems and vector suppression strategies. Instead, an integrated surveillance system combining weed ecology, molecular epidemiology, and climate-based predication is essential for improving outbreak prediction and strengthening long-term potato health resilience.

Optimization of Saccharomyces boulardii Fermentation Conditions in Sunflower Meal Hydrolysate

2026-05-21T11:22:46+00:00

In this study, acid and enzymatic hydrolysis pretreatments were applied to sunflower meal in order to degrade its lignocellulosic structure, and the obtained hydrolysate was sterilized and used as a fermentation medium for Saccharomyces boulardii. Previous studies showed that 96 h fermentation in sunflower meal hydrolysate achieved comparable performance to commercial Yeast Extract-Peptone-Malt Extract (YPM) medium, despite the absence of external nutrient supplementation. Based on these findings, the present study focused on optimizing fermentation conditions. Optimization experiments were designed using the Central Composite Design (CCD) approach through Design-Expert software, and 30 different fermentation conditions were evaluated. Initial pH (2.5–8.5), temperature (25–47.5°C), aeration rate (80–150 rpm), and inoculum ratio (2.5–12.5%, v/v) were selected as independent variables. OD600 values, viable cell counts, and sugar consumption were analyzed as response variables. The results indicated that the optimum growth conditions were achieved at 25–33°C, pH 5.5–6.0, inoculum ratio of 7–9%, and aeration rate of 110–130 rpm. The highest sugar consumption (25.1 g/L) was obtained at 25°C, pH 4, 10% inoculum ratio, and 80 rpm. Viable cell counts increased from an initial range of 6.60–7.26 log CFU/mL to 6.80–8.48 log CFU/mL at the end of fermentation. The highest cell growth was observed at 32.5°C, pH 5.5, 2.5% inoculum ratio, and 115 rpm, corresponding to an increase of approximately 1.63 log CFU/mL. Model validation experiments were conducted at three selected conditions and the differences between predicted and experimental values remained low (0.12–8.14%), indicating that the model accurately predicted cell growth. Overall, the findings demonstrated that sunflower meal hydrolysate could serve as a sustainable and cost-effective substrate for probiotic fermentation processes.

Factors Affecting Milk Quality in Small Ruminants

2026-05-21T11:19:44+00:00

Small ruminants are of significant importance in terms of meat and milk production, especially in rural areas. The quality of milk obtained from these animals directly affects both milk yield and the nutritional value and processability of dairy products. Milk quality is evaluated through various parameters such as fat, protein, somatic cell count, and microbiological characteristics. This study addresses the genetic, environmental, and flock management factors that affect milk quality in small ruminants, with genetic factors significantly determining milk composition through breed and individual characteristics, where some sheep and goat breeds tend to produce milk with higher fat content; environmental factors such as nutrition, climatic conditions, and housing systems play a crucial role, particularly the energy and protein balance of the ration directly influencing milk yield and quality, while heat stress may reduce both; and flock management practices including milking hygiene, milking frequency, and udder health are also key determinants, especially as diseases like mastitis increase somatic cell count and negatively affect milk quality. In conclusion, milk quality in small ruminants is shaped by the contribution of multiple factors, and proper management of these factors is essential for improving milk yield and obtaining high-quality dairy products.

Occupational Health and Safety in the Livestock Industry

2026-05-21T11:21:32+00:00

Livestock farming is a hazardous activity that involves many potential contributing factors that may lead to worker injuries and even fatalities. However, farm workers generally do not perceive livestock farming as a source of danger. The aim of this study is to identify the main occupational health and safety risks encountered in the livestock industry, evaluate the causes of occupational accidents, and present preventive measures to improve worker safety. Today, working in the livestock industry continues to be considered one of the most dangerous occupations among all professions. Occupational health and safety in this industry is of great importance because workers are exposed to physical, chemical, biological, and ergonomic risks. Aggressive animal behavior, improper handling techniques, and lack of hygiene may lead to occupational accidents, while zoonotic diseases and manure gases can cause serious health problems. In addition, the unconscious use of chemical disinfectants and medications may result in respiratory and skin diseases, whereas heavy lifting and repetitive movements increase musculoskeletal disorders. A large proportion of occupational accidents occur due to direct contact with animals, improper equipment use, and lack of hygiene. Raising workers’ awareness regarding the use of personal protective equipment, providing ergonomic working environments, and establishing emergency action plans are of vital importance. Occupational health and safety in animal production, as in many other industries, is highly important. In conclusion, the effective implementation of occupational health and safety practices in the livestock industry is necessary for the protection of workers and the sustainability of production.

Effect of Dietary Parquetina nigrescens Leaf Extract on Growth Performance, Activities of Digestive Enzymes, Serum Biochemical Profile and Antioxidative Status of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

2026-05-22T20:37:47+00:00

The current study sought to determine how dietary Parquetina nigrescens leaf (PNL) affected the performance of Clarias gariepinus. Ethanol extract of PNL was included at 0.0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g/kg diet for C. gariepinus juveniles. The fish (n = 240) were fed the assigned diets for eight weeks to apparent satiation, twice daily in three replicates to determine the growth performance, nutrient utilization and activities of intestinal digestive enzymes. Thereafter, samples of blood were withdrawn from the fish to determine the serum biochemical and anti-oxidative parameters. One-way analysis of variance was used analyze the data generated at P < 0.05. In comparison to the fish fed others diets, fish fed 1.0-1.5 g PNL showed considerable increase in weights, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and reduced feed conversion ratio. Higher fish survival and fish productivity index were obtained at 1.0 g PNL. The fish fed 1.0-1.5 g PNL had higher activities of maltase, lipase, chymotrypsin, and pepsin. Additionally, blood proteins were enhanced, while liver enzymes reduced with dietary PNL. The activities of serum catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-s-transferase, superoxide dismutase were also boosted in the fish on 1.0-1.5 g PNL. Ultimately, the growth performance of C. gariepinus, as well as its serum biochemical and antioxidative status were enhanced with dietary PNL at 1.0-1.5 g. Hence, PNL inclusion at 1.0 g/kg diet is recommended, as organic supplement, for healthy production performance of the fish.

Evaluation of the Phytochemical Properties and Therapeutic Potential of Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) in Light of Current Approaches

2026-05-21T11:24:41+00:00

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.), belonging to the Iridaceae family, is an important medicinal plant that attracts attention in both traditional and modern medicine due to its high economic value and rich phytochemical content. The main bioactive components of saffron, crocin, crocetin, picrocrocin, and safranal, are responsible for the plant's color, aroma, and taste characteristics, as well as its pharmacological effects (Rios et al., 1996; Pitsikas, 2016). Throughout history, saffron has been used in the treatment of digestive system diseases, pain, insomnia, depression, and various inflammatory conditions (Mousavi and Bathaie, 2011; Ceylan, 2005).

In this study, the phytochemical properties of saffron and its therapeutic effects on different disease groups were evaluated in line with current scientific data. Research shows that saffron exhibits strong antioxidant effects and can reduce cellular damage caused by oxidative stress (Amin et al., 2011; Sadeghnia et al., 2017). Furthermore, it has been reported to exhibit positive effects in mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders; some studies have shown similar efficacy to standard antidepressants such as fluoxetine (Noorbala et al., 2005; Marx et al., 2019). In neurodegenerative diseases, compounds such as crocin and safranal are stated to have shown neuroprotective effects and beneficial results in Alzheimer's disease (Hatziagapiou et al., 2019; Hadipour et al., 2020).

Studies on the anticancer effects of saffron show that this plant may be effective in various types of cancer by suppressing cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, and reducing oxidative stress (Ashktorab et al., 2019; Lambrianidou et al., 2020). In conclusion, saffron is considered an important natural resource in the development of new pharmaceutical products in the future thanks to its multifaceted biological activities.

Relationship of CTLA-4 gene polymorphism to increased risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

2026-05-22T21:06:19+00:00

Cancer is a disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells through the circulatory and lymphatic systems. It is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, accounting for approximately 2–2.5 million deaths annually. Several factors contribute to cancer development, including genetic mutations, environmental exposure, tobacco use, obesity, alcohol consumption, hormonal imbalance, radiation, and carcinogens. Liver cancer is a major type of cancer associated with risk factors such as Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), cirrhosis, alcohol intake, aflatoxin exposure, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and smoking. Liver cancer is classified into primary and secondary types, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) being the most common primary liver cancer, accounting for nearly 90% of cases. Around 85% of cirrhotic patients eventually develop HCC. Current treatment options include liver transplantation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and local ablative therapies.

Cancer-related genes are broadly divided into tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes. Genes implicated in liver cancer include TP53, CTNNB1, CCND1, VEGFA, HGF, NFE2L2, KEAP1, and others. The present study focused on the CTLA-4 gene as a candidate gene to investigate its association with hepatocellular carcinoma. Two SNPs, rs3087243 and rs5742909, were analysed along with demographic and clinical factors such as diabetes, smoking, BMI, exercise, HBV, and HCV infection.

A total of 100 blood samples were collected, including 50 liver cancer patients and 50 healthy controls. Genotyping was performed using TETRA-ARMS PCR followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Statistical analysis using SPSS and logistic regression revealed that BMI, diabetes, smoking, and HBsAg positivity significantly increased liver cancer risk. In contrast, CTLA-4 variants and several haplotypes appeared to have a protective role, with haplotype GACC showing a significant association with liver cancer susceptibility.

Neurotoxic Components in Aromatic Plant Essential Oils Literature-Based Review

2026-05-22T21:20:31+00:00

Essential oils are natural secondary metabolites obtained from plants and are rich in monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and aromatic compounds. They have been widely used throughout history for medicinal, cosmetic, and aromatherapeutic purposes (Ceylan, 1987; Chávez-González et al., 2016). With the increasing interest in natural products, the use of essential oils has expanded considerably; however, toxic effects associated with improper and uncontrolled use have become an important health concern (Posadzki et al., 2012). Certain lipophilic monoterpenes are capable of crossing the blood–brain barrier, thereby causing neurotoxic effects on the central nervous system (Güneş, 2022).

In this thesis, the chemical structures, mechanisms of action, toxicological profiles, and clinical risks of neurotoxic constituents found in essential oils were evaluated based on the literature. Particular emphasis was placed on monoterpene compounds with neurotoxic potential such as thujone, camphor, α-terpinene, and 1,8-cineole (Pelkonen et al., 2013; Santos et al., 2015). Essential oils obtained from plants including Salvia officinalis, Artemisia absinthium, Tanacetum vulgare, and Thuja occidentalis were reported to cause severe toxic effects such as convulsions, epileptiform seizures, and hepatotoxicity due to their high thujone content (Lachenmeier et al., 2006; Abass et al., 2011). Similarly, essential oils containing camphor and α-terpinene were shown to induce neurological disorders, memory impairment, and neuromuscular hyperactivity at high doses (Baldissera et al., 2016; Liebelt et al., 1993).

In conclusion, although essential oils possess significant therapeutic properties, they may also present serious neurotoxic risks. Therefore, standardization, accurate dosing, controlled duration of use, and pharmacist supervision are considered essential for their safe use.

Green Synthesis, Characterization, and Multifunctional Bioactivity Evaluation of Cymbopogon citratus–Mediated ZnO, CuO, and ZnO–CuO Nanoparticles

2026-05-22T21:31:28+00:00

Cymbopogon citratus, commonly known as lemongrass, is an aromatic medicinal plant rich in flavonoids, phenolic compounds, essential oils, and other phytochemicals with important pharmacological properties. In this study, zinc oxide, copper oxide, and zinc oxide–copper oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using Cymbopogon citratus leaf extract through an eco-friendly green synthesis approach. The aim of this research was to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles and evaluate their antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiabetic, photocatalytic, and cytotoxic activities for potential biomedical and environmental applications. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction to determine their optical properties, functional groups, particle size, morphology, and crystalline nature. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay and reducing power assay, with ascorbic acid as the reference standard. Among the tested nanoparticles, ZnO–CuO nanoparticles showed the highest antioxidant potential. Antibacterial activity was assessed by the agar well diffusion method against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, using an antibiotic disc as the positive control. ZnO nanoparticles showed the strongest inhibition against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa, whereas CuO nanoparticles were most effective against S. aureus. ZnO–CuO nanoparticles exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis. The antidiabetic activity was investigated using alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition assays, with acarbose as the standard drug. ZnO–CuO nanoparticles demonstrated the highest inhibitory activity in both assays. Photocatalytic activity was evaluated through methylene blue dye degradation, where ZnO nanoparticles showed superior efficiency compared with CuO and ZnO–CuO nanoparticles. Cytotoxicity results indicated promising effects of all nanoparticles against cancer cells. Overall, these findings suggest that Cymbopogon citratus–mediated nanoparticles have significant therapeutic, diagnostic, and environmental potential.

Research Article Monitoring the Suitability of Pusacak Pond (Amasya) for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes Using Various Water Quality Indices and Piper Diagram

2026-05-21T22:51:13+00:00

Bu çalışma, Amasya ili Gümüşhacıköy ilçesinde bulunan Pusacak Göleti'nin su kalitesi ve kirlilik durumunu Ekim 2024 ile Eylül 2025 tarihleri arasında değerlendirmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında, gölet ekosisteminin bütünlüğünü temsil eden üç farklı örnekleme istasyonundan aylık olarak alınan su örneklerinde 17 fizikokimyasal parametre ve 7 ağır metalin konsantrasyonu analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, göletin yıllık ortalama su kalitesi parametrelerinin DSÖ (2021) kılavuzlarında belirtilen eşik değerlerinin altında kaldığını göstermiştir. SWQR (2016) kriterlerine göre yapılan değerlendirmeye göre, bakır konsantrasyonları izin verilen sınırları aşmış ve potansiyel kirliliğe işaret etmiş, diğer tüm parametreler ise kabul edilebilir sınırlar içinde kalmıştır.

Gölet suyunun içme ve sulama amaçlı kullanıma uygunluğunu belirlemek için çeşitli su kalitesi indeksleri hesaplandı. Su Kalitesi İndeksi (WQI) ve Sodyum Emilim Oranı (SAR) "mükemmel" su kalitesini gösterirken, Sodyum Yüzdesi (%Na) "iyi", Kelley Oranı (KR) "uygun", Kalıntı Sodyum Karbonat (RSC) "güvenli" ve Geçirgenlik İndeksi (PI) "orta" olarak sınıflandırıldı. Buna karşılık, Magnezyum Tehlikesi (MH) değerleri suyun sulama amaçlı kullanıma "uygunsuz" olduğunu gösterdi. MH değerlerinin literatürde bildirilen önerilen eşiği aşması, tarımsal uygulamalarda dikkatli olunması gerektiğini göstermektedir. Piper diyagramı analizine göre, gölet suyu baskın Ca²⁺–Mg²⁺–HCO₃⁻ hidrokimyasal fasiyesi ile karakterize edilmiştir.

Genel olarak, sonuçlar Pusacak Gölü'nün genel su kalitesini korumak ve ekolojik sürdürülebilirliği sağlamak için düzenli izleme programlarının ve etkili çevre yönetimi stratejilerinin önemini vurgulamaktadır.

Plant and Microbial Polysaccharides as Sustainable Wall Materials for Probiotic Microencapsulation: Structural Properties and Protection Mechanisms

2026-05-25T10:12:07+00:00

Probiotics are live microorganisms that offer crucial health benefits, such as regulating gut microbiota and immune responses, provided they reach the host intestine at an effective concentration typically between one million and one billion viable colony-forming units per gram. However, probiotics suffer severe activity losses due to metabolite accumulation during production, as well as adverse conditions during processing, storage, and digestion, making it difficult to achieve desired therapeutic outcomes. Currently, encapsulation technology using plant and microbial extracellular polysaccharides serves as the primary method to maintain probiotic viability by providing exceptional gelation, film-forming, and biocompatible wall materials that protect organisms from destruction and enhance colon stability. This review systematically evaluates recent breakthroughs in food-grade microencapsulation technology, focusing specifically on the structure-function relationships of plant and microbial extracellular polysaccharide wall materials, their structural characteristics, and application trends. Furthermore, the scope of this work encompasses an overview of emerging delivery technologies, including material modification strategies and genetic engineering approaches, alongside the current applications and industrial challenges of polysaccharide-based encapsulation in foods. In conclusion, while broad encapsulation technologies exist, this review highlights the integration of novel material modifications and genetic engineering to understand polysaccharide structures. It serves as a comprehensive resource for researchers developing next-generation probiotic delivery systems, ultimately promoting further technological innovation and addressing market demands for functional synbiotic products.

Effects of a blended supplementation of Piliostigma thonningii and Daniella oliveri essential oils on reproductive performance, semen quality, and fertility indices in Bunaji bulls.

2026-05-25T12:01:04+00:00

This study investigated the effects of a blended essential oil formulation derived from Piliostigma thonningii (camel’s foot) and Daniella oliveri on the reproductive performance of Bunaji bulls. The combination was selected based on the complementary phytochemical profiles of both plants, which are rich in phenolics, flavonoids, and terpenoids with documented antioxidant, antimicrobial, and endocrine-modulating activities. These bioactive compounds are associated with improved testicular function, enhanced spermatogenesis, and better semen quality. In addition, both plants are widely distributed in tropical savanna ecosystems, making their combined use a cost-effective and sustainable phytogenic strategy for reproductive enhancement in livestock. A completely randomized design was used, involving fifteen clinically healthy Bunaji bulls (22–24 months old; 156.32 ± 0.70 kg average body weight), which were allocated into three dietary treatment groups. Over a 16-week experimental period, bulls received a basal diet supplemented with 0 ml/kg (T1, control), 10 ml/kg (T2), or 20 ml/kg (T3) of the blended essential oil mixture. The results indicated that dietary treatments had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on semen pH or colour, which remained consistently creamy white across all groups. However, supplementation with the blended essential oil significantly improved (P < 0.05) sperm concentration and ejaculate volume, with the highest values observed in T3. Likewise, sperm motility, percentage of live sperm, and live-to-dead sperm ratio were significantly enhanced (P < 0.05) in the supplemented groups compared with the control. In contrast, bulls in the highest supplementation group exhibited the lowest proportions of dead and morphologically abnormal sperm cells (P < 0.05). Although most specific sperm abnormality traits, including midpiece droplet, coiled tail, detached head, free tail, and bent tail, were not significantly influenced by dietary treatment (P > 0.05), scrotal length and circumference increased significantly (P < 0.05) with supplementation, with the greatest improvement recorded in T3. In conclusion, supplementation with the blended Piliostigma thonningii and Daniella oliveri essential oil mixture at 20 ml/kg improved testicular development and semen quality without adverse effects, demonstrating its potential as a natural and sustainable phytogenic alternative to synthetic reproductive enhancers in bull production systems.

Mitigation of Carbon Emissions and Enhancement of Lactational and Physiological Indices in West African Dwarf Does Using Daniella oliveri Essential Oil-Based Diets

2026-05-25T12:02:17+00:00

This study evaluated the effects of Daniella oliveri essential oil (DOE) supplementation on enteric methane production, milk yield, immune response, and oxidative stress indicators in lactating West African Dwarf (WAD) does. Twenty-one does with comparable initial body weights (10.55 ± 0.60 kg) were randomly allotted to three dietary treatment groups (n = 7) using a completely randomized design over a 50-day feeding period. Dietary supplementation with DOE significantly improved (P < 0.05) milk yield, serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, and IgM), triiodothyronine (T3), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, with the highest responses observed in does fed the highest DOE inclusion level (T3). Antioxidant status was also enhanced, as evidenced by significant increases (P < 0.05) in catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and total antioxidant capacity in the T2 and T3 groups. Conversely, enteric methane emissions, malondialdehyde (MDA), and cortisol concentrations were significantly reduced in DOE-supplemented animals relative to the control group (P < 0.05). The results indicate that DOE supplementation enhances lactational performance, strengthens immune function, and improves oxidative stability while concurrently reducing methane emissions, demonstrating its potential as a climate-smart nutritional strategy for sustainable dairy goat production. Based on the observed responses, supplementation at 10 ml DOE/kg diet was considered the optimal inclusion level for improving productivity and physiological wellbeing in WAD does.

Üçüncü Dalga Kahve Demleme Yöntemlerinin Kahvede Kalite Anlayışına Etkisi

2026-05-29T13:55:07+00:00

Bu çalışma, üçüncü dalga kahve akımında kullanılan demleme yöntemlerinin tüketicilerin kahve kalite algısı üzerindeki etkisini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Geleneksel kahve tüketim anlayışından farklı olarak üçüncü dalga kahve yaklaşımı; kahvenin menşei, kavurma profili, demleme yöntemi ve sunum süreci gibi unsurları ön plana çıkarmaktadır. Araştırmada V60, Chemex, AeroPress ve French Press gibi alternatif demleme yöntemlerinin kahvenin aroma, tat, gövde ve genel kalite algısı üzerindeki etkileri literatür taraması yöntemiyle değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada ayrıca üçüncü dalga kahve kültürünün tüketici davranışları, kahve deneyimi ve gastronomi alanındaki yeri ele alınmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda alternatif demleme yöntemlerinin tüketicilerin kalite algısını olumlu yönde etkilediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Post-Harvest Resilience of Microbial Activity in Bacterially Inoculated Soils Under Drought Stress

2026-05-25T12:04:17+00:00

The effects of microbial inoculation strategies on plant development in agricultural ecosystems are widely known. However, the "legacy effects" left on the soil after the main crop is harvested are not fully known. This study was conducted to examine the permanent effects of different Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation methods (seed and soil) on microbial stability during the 10-day plant-free incubation period after soybean (Glycine max L.) harvest in soils with a history of drought stress. In the study, soil respiration (CO₂), dehydrogenase activity (DHA), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and metabolic (qCO₂) and specific (qD) ecophysiological indices were evaluated with multivariate statistical analyzes (PCA and Correlation). The findings showed that the "nutrient shock" caused by the cessation of post-harvest root exudates led to severe metabolic stress and carbon wastage from cellular respiration in the uninoculated control group. While drought stress (WS) suppressed microbial biomass and enzyme activities, inoculation from soil under stress (WS+A2) compensated for these losses in an extraordinary way. While basal respiration (CO₂) decreased dramatically by approximately 40% in WS+A2 application in the post-harvest period; The increase in microbial biomass (MBC) and enzyme activity (DHA) by 119.4% and 91.3%, respectively, compared to the stress group, proved that the microbial community maintained its cellular potential by reducing unnecessary carbon expenditure. As a result, it has been determined that bacterial inoculation from the soil goes beyond the existence of the plant and creates a high ecological resistance (resilience) in the soil microbiota against post-harvest hunger and drought shocks and prepares the ecosystem for the next production season by preserving carbon with maximum efficiency.

Beyond Borders: Evaluating and Registering Chinese Green Super Rice in Nigeria — A Case of Agro-ecological Transplantation

2026-05-25T12:06:05+00:00

Rice remains central crop to food security and sustainable livelihood in Nigeria and other sub-Saharan Africa nations. However, the rice productivity in this region is constrained by many factors including climate related stresses, declining soil fertility, and other persistent stresses. These challenges necessitate continuous varietal replacement which is far from the reach of African researchers due to limited access to required resources; thus, the rice seed system in Africa is largely sustained through varietal introduction. In this study, seven improved Green Super Rice (GSR) lines and three local checks were evaluated for drought and salinity tolerance, yield performance and stability, ratoon-ability, and local consumers’ preference in Nigeria. The drought-stress experiments at two locations, revealed that five out of the seven GSR lines significantly out yielded the checks under water stress. The GSR lines showed better tolerance to salinity, and also recorded superior ratoon-ability than the local checks. The GSR lines showed good grain physical quality, and comparable reactions to pest and diseases as recorded for the local checks. At the multi-locations yield trials, only one GSR line (DS20) recorded statistically higher grain yield than the best check (FARO 68). The stability assessments revealed that the GSR lines were more responsive to better environments but less stable compared to the checks. The performance of the GSR line DS20 at the farmers’ field revealed high farmers’ preference for its high yielding, and good grain physical appearance, but the line was underscored for poor swelling and cooking qualities. These findings showed that the Chinese GSR lines possess good resilience to drought and salinity than the Nigerian varieties; however, due to the cooking preference, the adoptions by the smallholder farmers may be low. This cooking preference peculiarity could be considered as an important GSR breeding objective for the Africa.

The Evolution of Methods Used in The Diagnosis of Plant Bacterial Diseases: From Molecular Methods to Artificial Intelligence-Supported Methods

2026-05-25T21:22:26+00:00

Tarımsal üretimde hastalık ve zararlılar aracılığıyla önemli ekonomik kayıplar meydana gelmektedir. Fungal, bakteriyel ve viral hastalık etmenleri oldukça büyük kalite ve kantitie sorunlara neden olmaktadır. Bitki bakteriyel hastalık etmenlerinin ortaya çıkardığı kloroz, nekroz, çürüklük, solgunluk akıntı ve ur oluşumu gibi belirtliler hem ürün kalitesini düşürmekte hem de üretim devamlılığını sekteye uğratmaktadır. Bakteriyel hastalık etmenlerinin erken ve doğru tanısı, beraberinde bu etmenler ile erken mücadele stretejilerini getireceğinden dolayı oldukça önemli bir noktadadır. Bu derlemede, yapılan çalışmlarla bitki bakteriyel hastalıklarının tanısında kullanılan yöntemlerin gelişimi değerlendirilmiş; klasik izolasyon ve serolojik temelli yaklaşımlardan moleküler tanı tekniklerine ve güncel dijital uygulamalara uzanan dönüşüm süreci incelenmiştir. Literatür analizine dayalı olarak gerçekleştirilen çalışmada, hedefe yönelik çoğaltım temelli moleküler yöntemlerin duyarlılık, özgüllük ve standardizasyon açısından sağladığı avantajlar; izotermal çoğaltım tekniklerinin saha uygulanabilirliği ve hızlı sonuç verme kapasitesi; gen düzenleme temelli tanı sistemlerinin seçicilik ve hız yönünden katkıları; ayrıca yeni nesil dizileme ve taşınabilir sekanslama teknolojilerinin çoklu patojen tespiti ve alt tür düzeyinde ayrım yapabilme potansiyeli karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alınmıştır. Bulgular, moleküler tabanlı yöntemlerin özellikle latent enfeksiyonların ve karantina etmenlerinin belirlenmesinde yüksek başarı sağladığını, saha koşullarına uyarlanabilen izotermal sistemlerin yerinde tanılamada önemli avantaj sunduğunu ve dizileme teknolojilerinin epidemiyolojik analizlerde kapsamlı veri ürettiğini göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, yalnızca tek bir tanı yaklaşımına dayalı sistemlerin sınırlı kalabildiği; simptomların diğer biyotik ve abiyotik stres faktörleriyle karışabildiği durumlarda bütüncül değerlendirmelerin gerekli olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, sürdürülebilir ve etkili bir bitki bakteriyel hastalıkların tanısı için moleküler, sekanslama ve dijital veri temelli yaklaşımların entegre edildiği çok basamaklı tanı sistemlerinin en uygun strateji olduğu değerlendirilmektedir.

Functional Synergy Between Pathogenesis-Related Proteins for Sustainable Crop Protection

2026-05-25T21:23:28+00:00

Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins have been combined for effective plant disease control, yet their synergistic mechanisms remain unexplored at the molecular level. This study elucidates the molecular basis of synergism between thaumatin-like protein (TLP) and PR1 using computational (in silico) methods. Analyses encompassed physicochemical properties, subcellular localization predictions, topological and domain characterization, conserved motif identification, phylogenetic relationships, secondary and tertiary structure prediction, molecular docking and simulation of TLP and PR1 individually and combined with key fungal cell wall components. Physicochemical profiling indicated TLP as a neutral, hydrophobic, thermostable protein, while PR1 was acidic, hydrophilic, and thermostable. Both were predicted to localize extracellularly, with TLP exhibiting transmembrane topology and PR1 positioned externally. Docking simulations revealed superior binding affinities for the TLP-PR1 complex versus individual proteins against chitin, chitosan, glucan, and mannan. These computational insights highlight the synergistic chitinolytic mechanism of TLP-PR1, suggesting their co-expression could potentiate broad-spectrum antifungal defense and inform strategies for engineering durable plant resistance

Evaluation of milk quality parameters in first parity Holstein cows

2026-05-25T21:24:37+00:00

Today, breeding objectives in cattle farms have shifted from focusing solely on milk production to also improving milk quality. In this context, this study aims to evaluate milk quality parameters in first parity Holstein cattle raised in farms enrolled to Amasya Province Breeding Cattle Breeders Association (CBA). Milk SCC, fat, protein, and lactose values of 108 cows within days 30 and 150 of their lactation were analyzed using an automated analyzer. Obtained values were evaluated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) in three regions (Amasya-Center, Merzifon, and Suluova) and four calving seasons (Winter: December-February; Spring: March-May; Summer: June-August; and Fall: September-November). Milk fat and SCC values of cows that calved in the winter calving season, and the average SCC of samples from the Merzifon region, were found to be higher compared to other groups (P˂0.001). The calculated negative correlations between SCC and lactose (r=-0.323) and fat (r=-0.359) revealed that these components, in addition to SCC, can also be used in determining raw milk quality. While fat (3.72±0.061%) and protein (3.48±0.015%) percentages of the milk samples were higher than the threshold declared by FAO, the lactose content (4.86±0.013%) was more consistent with the pronounced value. The calculated overall average SCC (419x103 cells/ml) was found to be quite close to the values reported by the Turkish Food Codex (TFC) and EU directives. It was suggested that adjustments should be made in milking hygiene, udder cleaning and milk storage conditions to further reduce this level.

Comparison of Some Milk Quality Characteristics of Pırlak Sheep Milk Raised in the Districts of Manisa (Selendi) and Kütahya (Aslanapa)

2026-05-25T21:25:40+00:00

Sheep milk, an important form of animal production, is a significant source of nutrition for both Turkey and the world. The quality of milk yield is influenced by factors such as the animal's breed, age, productivity direction, feeding habits, and environmental factors. In this study, the same ration was provided to family operated farms raising Pırlak sheep breed selected from Manisa (Selendi) and Kütahya (Aslanapa) in the Aegean region. Milk samples were collected three times, once a month, and the differences between them were investigated. The physicochemical properties such as fat, non fat dry matter (NFDM), density, protein, and lactose were determined in the collected milk samples. It was found that the fat content was higher during the late lactation period (8.08±1.19; 8.94±2.04), while other parameters, excluding fat, including protein, lactose, non fat dry matter, total dry matter, and pH were found to be significant for the farms. The timing of milk collection from the farms was also found to be important (P˂0.001). Despite having the same ration, the differences in milk quality parameters are believed to stem from management practices and environmental factors. As a result of the research, it was determined that environmental conditions, management, and feeding practices directly affect the factors determining milk quality in sheep farming operations. The study emphasized the necessity of moving away from traditional feeding methods in sheep farming and implementing feeding rations suited to modern practices, designed by experts. Additionally, it was identified that there is a need for more widespread research on sheep milk. The study also aims to utilize the findings from the milk quality analysis for proper pricing, raise awareness among producers, and positively influence both yield and quality.

A Comparison of Some Physicochemical Properties of Holstein Cow Milk Raised in the Districts of Uşak (Eşme) and İzmir (Çiğli)

2026-05-25T21:27:08+00:00

Cattle breeding is an important livestock production activity both worldwide and in Türkiye. Milk and dairy products play a significant role in healthy and balanced human nutrition. It is known that cattle breeds raised in different regions of Türkiye gradually adapt to the climatic and environmental conditions of their environments. Even in animals belonging to the same breed, environmental factors may cause significant differences in milk yield and milk quality. This study aimed to compare some physicochemical properties of milk samples obtained from Holstein cows raised in small family farms located in the districts of Eşme (Uşak) and Çiğli (İzmir). The research material consisted of milk samples collected from a total of 160 randomly selected lactating cows from each district. The cows from which samples were taken were selected from the same lactation period; 80 from Çiğli district and 80 from Eşme district. Analyses of milk fat, protein, lactose, total solids, and solids-not-fat were performed. The obtained data were evaluated using the independent samples t-test. According to the analysis results, statistically significant differences were detected between the farms in terms of fat, lactose, total solids, and solids-not-fat values (p<0.05). However, no significant difference was found in protein content (p>0.05). In conclusion, environmental conditions and management differences were determined to have significant effects on milk composition.

Cryopreservation of Insect Tissues and Developmental Stages: Sustainability and Future Perspectives for Biological Control

2026-05-25T21:28:21+00:00

Cryopreservation is an advanced biological preservation technique that enables the long-term storage of living organisms or biological materials at ultra-low temperatures while maintaining their structural integrity and viability. In the field of entomology, this technique has gained increasing importance for the preservation of insects at different developmental stages, including eggs, embryos, larvae, and reproductive tissues. The sustainable conservation of insects, which constitute a major component of global biodiversity, has become an essential requirement from the perspectives of both agricultural pest management and biodiversity conservation.

Due to the increasing drawbacks associated with chemical control, which remains the most widely used method in pest management, biological control based on the use of natural enemies has emerged as one of the most important alternative strategies. The application of cryopreservation techniques in insects offers significant advantages for biological control programs by enabling the availability of biological control agents in the desired quantity and at the required time. Furthermore, cryopreservation represents a multidimensional technology in entomology, with a broad range of applications including the year-round propagation of insect species that are difficult to mass rear, the standardization of mass-production systems, and the long-term preservation of insect genetic resources. Future advances in cryoprotectant optimization and cryogenic protocols are expected to further expand the applicability of this technology across diverse insect taxa.

KNOWLEDGE LEVEL OF CROP FARMERS ON FOOD SAFETY PRACTICES IN OGBOMOSO AGRICULTURAL ZONE OF OYO STATE NIGERIA

2026-05-25T21:29:54+00:00

The study assessed crop farmers’ knowledge of food safety practices in Ogbomoso Agricultural zone of Oyo State, Nigeria. It specifically examined farmers’ socio-economic characteristics, production practices associated with food safety risks, information sources as well as barriers to adoption of the food safety practices. Data were collected from 144 crop farmers using structured interviews and analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean) and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) to test relationships. Findings showed a mean age of 47 years and an average household size of nine persons. A large proportion (75%) lacked access to health extension workers, indicating weak institutional support. Key risky practices included drying crops on bare ground, use of untreated animal manure, and use of contaminated water. Major information sources were mass media channels such as radio drama, SMS, and television, while formal extension agents, NGOs, and religious organizations were less frequently accessed. Overall, respondents demonstrated relatively high knowledge of safe post-harvest handling, storage, and appropriate agrochemical use. However, adoption of the food safety practices was constrained by mistrust of modern food safety practices, financial limitations, and cultural traditions. Poor adherence to food safety was reported to negatively affect productivity, income, and social relations. Significant positive relationships were found between food safety knowledge and age (r = 0.363, p = 0.002), education (r = 0.507, p < 0.001), and household size (r = 0.484, p < 0.001). The study concludes that despite relatively high knowledge levels, structural and institutional gaps particularly limited extension services hinder effective food safety practice adoption. The study recommended strengthening agricultural and health extension services to provide continuous training on Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), safe use of agrochemicals, and improved water and post-harvest handling practices.

Sustainability Research in Organic Waste: Current Approaches

2026-05-25T21:31:01+00:00

The rapid increase in global population, urbanization, and industrialization has led to a significant rise in organic waste generation, posing serious environmental, economic, and social challenges. Sustainable management of organic waste has therefore become a critical area of research, integrating principles from environmental science, biotechnology, circular economy, and resource recovery. This study provides a comprehensive and updated analysis of current approaches in organic waste sustainability research, focusing on waste valorization, technological innovations, policy frameworks, and environmental impacts. Emphasis is placed on biological and thermochemical treatment methods, circular economy strategies, and emerging technologies such as biorefineries and digital waste management systems. The review also critically evaluates the limitations of existing approaches and outlines future directions for achieving sustainable organic waste management.

Anticancer Viruses and Their In Vitro Applications: An Updated Study

2026-05-25T21:33:21+00:00

Oncolytic viruses have emerged as a transformative class of therapeutic agents in cancer research, offering selective targeting and destruction of malignant cells while sparing normal tissues. Advances in molecular virology, genetic engineering, and tumor immunology have significantly expanded the scope of anticancer viruses, particularly in controlled in vitro systems that enable mechanistic exploration and therapeutic optimization. This study provides an updated and comprehensive analysis of anticancer viruses, focusing on their mechanisms of action, engineering strategies, and in vitro applications. Emphasis is placed on viral platforms such as adenoviruses, herpes simplex viruses, reoviruses, and vaccinia viruses, as well as emerging approaches integrating immunotherapy and gene editing technologies. The review highlights both the promise and limitations of current methodologies and outlines future directions for translational cancer research.

Current Approaches to Plant Microbiota: A Trend Study

2026-05-26T22:03:17+00:00

Plant microbiota has emerged as a central topic in modern plant sciences, driven by its critical role in plant health, productivity, and ecosystem sustainability. Advances in high-throughput sequencing, multi-omics technologies, and computational biology have transformed our understanding of plant-associated microbial communities. This study provides a comprehensive overview of current approaches used in plant microbiota research, highlighting emerging trends, methodological advancements, and future directions. Particular emphasis is placed on microbiome engineering, synthetic communities, and sustainable agriculture applications.

Investigating the Effects of Human Factors on Microflora and Ecological Factors: Current Perspectives

2026-05-25T21:35:37+00:00

The intricate relationship between human factors and microflora represents a critical intersection of microbiology, ecology, and human health sciences. Human-associated microbial communities, collectively referred to as the microbiota, function as dynamic ecological systems shaped by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. These factors include lifestyle, diet, environmental exposure, antimicrobial usage, and socio-cultural practices, all of which exert profound influence on microbial diversity, composition, and functionality. Recent advances in metagenomics and systems biology have demonstrated that human microflora is not a static entity but rather a continuously evolving ecosystem influenced by ecological pressures and evolutionary dynamics. This review comprehensively examines the impact of human-related factors on microflora, emphasizing ecological interactions, environmental influences, and the implications for health and disease. Furthermore, it explores current perspectives within the One Health framework, highlighting the interconnectedness of human, environmental, and microbial ecosystems.

The Effect of Microbial Treated Rice Husk Diets on Milk Physicochemical Properties of West African Dwarf Does During Lactation.

2026-05-25T21:36:54+00:00

Abstract

Rice husk is an abundant agro-industrial by-product in tropical regions, but its utilization in ruminant feeding is limited due to high fibre and low digestibility. Microbial treatment has been proposed as an effective strategy to enhance its nutritive value and improve livestock productivity. This study evaluated the effects of microbial-treated rice husk–based diets on milk physicochemical properties of West African Dwarf (WAD) does during lactation. Forty lactating WAD does (12–14 kg body weight) were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design: T1 (maize-based control), T2 (bacterial-treated rice husk), T3 (fungal-treated rice husk), and T4 (combined bacterial and fungal-treated rice husk). Milk samples were collected weekly and analyzed for moisture, total solids, density, pH, titratable acidity, fat, protein, lactose, solid-not-fat, ash, salt content, and freezing point using standard analytical procedures. Results showed that moisture content and protein were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by dietary treatments, with the highest protein value recorded in T1. Density also differed significantly among treatments, whereas total solids, fat, lactose, ash, and freezing point were not significantly affected (P > 0.05). Across lactation weeks, moisture increased progressively, while total solids, fat, and protein declined, reflecting physiological changes associated with advancing lactation. The findings demonstrate that microbial-treated rice husk diets can be incorporated into WAD goat feeding systems without detrimental effects on milk physicochemical quality. However, lactation stage remained the dominant factor influencing milk composition. These results highlight the potential of microbial processing techniques to improve the utilization of crop residues in sustainable dairy goat production systems in the tropics.

Keywords: West African Dwarf goats; Microbial treatment; Rice husk; Milk composition; Lactation; Agro-industrial by-products.

Turkish Salmon versus Global Salmon: The Microplastic Threat to Food Security

2026-05-30T06:14:38+00:00

As a key component of global aquaculture, salmon production plays an essential role in ensuring global food security by providing a high-nutrition, low-carbon source of animal protein. In recent years, Turkish salmon (Oncorhynchus mykiss farmed in the Black Sea) has become a powerhouse in international mariculture, driving substantial economic growth and positioning itself as a premium and highly competitive alternative to the global trade in seafood. However, this fast-growing sector is facing unique environmental challenges compared to the traditionally recognised Atlantic salmon species (Salmo salar). This study assesses the food security impacts of the two aquaculture models through the lens of microplastic (MP) contamination. Recent spectroscopic tests (ATR-FTIR) reveal a clear difference in the abundance of MP and the polymer profile of both species. Interestingly, despite the high anthropogenic pressure on its marine environment, Turkish salmon show a lower overall microplastic load, averaging on average 1.38±0,31 items/gr of fish muscle, compared to the global average of 3.94 ±0,72 items/gr of fish muscle of Atlantic salmon. This difference is largely attributed to the shorter production life of Turkish salmon and to the extensive long-term exposure of Atlantic salmon to degrading industrial farming equipment such as heavy nylon cages and commercial feedingstuffs. In Turkish salmon, the detected particulates are mainly characterised by polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) fibres less than 100 nm, while Atlantic salmon shows a higher concentration of structural polymers associated with the agricultural infrastructure. As Turkish salmon is an increasingly important pillar of regional food security and an export commodity in high demand, its lower levels of microplastic accumulation further strengthen its position as a safe and premium source of protein. This comparative analysis shows that although the local marine environment presents different dynamics for MP, proactive monitoring can protect the market. In order to protect the international reputation and long-term sustainability of this booming aquaculture sector, robust frameworks for the monitoring of microplastics should be integrated into national food security policies

Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of the herbicide aclonifen on root meristem cells of Allium cepa L.

2026-05-25T21:37:55+00:00

Abstract

Aclonifen is a selective diphenyl ether herbicide widely used in agriculture for weed control; however, information on its cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on non-target plant cells remains limited. This study investigated such effects of aclonifen on root meristem cells of Allium cepa L. Owing to the low aqueous solubility of aclonifen, all test solutions were prepared in 1% dimethyl sulfoxide, and the final dimethyl sulfoxide concentration was kept constant at 1% in every group. In a preliminary root growth inhibition assay, the 96-hour concentration reducing root length to 50% of the control was determined as 100 parts per million; accordingly, concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 parts per million — corresponding to one-half, one-fold, and twofold this value — were used in the cytogenetic analyses. Distilled water containing 1% dimethyl sulfoxide served as the solvent and negative control, and 10 milligrams per liter methyl methanesulfonate as the positive control. Onion roots were exposed for 24, 48, and 72 hours; for each group, a total of 5000 cells from five biological replicates were scored, and root length, root weight, mitotic index, micronucleus frequency, and chromosomal aberration frequency were evaluated. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by Dunnett's test, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Aclonifen treatments significantly reduced root growth and mitotic index values in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, while markedly increasing the frequencies of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations. The most commonly observed aberrations were chromosome laggards, stickiness, anaphase bridges, and c-mitosis, suggesting both aneugenic and clastogenic modes of action. The highest concentration of aclonifen produced effects comparable to those of methyl methanesulfonate. Aclonifen induces cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on root meristem cells of Allium cepa, highlighting the value of plant-based bioassays in environmental risk assessment.

In Vitro Analysis of the Potential Role of NOX-1 in Monosodium Glutamate-Induced Oxidative Stress and Cytotoxicity in HT-22 Hippocampal Neuronal Cells

2026-05-25T21:38:23+00:00

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is extensively used as a flavor enhancer in the food industry and is consumed in considerable amounts through daily diet. In this study, the potential toxic effects of MSG on hippocampal neuronal cells, which are particularly rich in glutamate receptors, were examined in the HT-22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cell line within a toxicity model framework, focusing on cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. For this purpose, HT-22 cells were cultured under appropriate cell culture conditions and treated with MSG at concentrations of 1, 5, 20, and 100 µM for 24 hours. Cell viability was assessed by XTT assay, and total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) were measured using the Rel Assay commercial kit to determine the oxidative stress status. NADPH oxidase-1 (NOX-1) expression was determined by immunofluorescence to evaluate the potential effects of MSG on NOX-mediated oxidative mechanisms. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc test; p<0.05 was accepted as the threshold for statistical significance. Analysis of the findings revealed that cell viability, TAS/TOS levels, and NOX-1 expression showed no statistically significant change at any of the applied MSG concentrations compared to the control group. While these results indicate that MSG does not elicit a measurable cytotoxic or oxidative stress response in HT-22 cells under the tested concentration range and exposure duration, further studies under different experimental conditions are warranted.

Technical and ecological approach to the Beypınarı land consolidation project

2026-05-25T21:39:55+00:00

This research examines the technical and ecological adequacy of the Beypınarı land consolidation project in Erzurum – Aziziye. To this end, the technical success of the Beypınarı consolidation was determined. Simultaneously, a study was conducted to assess the extent to which the Beypınarı consolidation project met ecological requirements. According to the results, the consolidation rate in the Beypınarı settlement was 47.78%, and the increase in the average parcel area was 93.96%. In this project, the rate of direct access to road, irrigation, and drainage facilities for the parcels was 98%. No renovation was carried out in the village settlement. However, as is generally the case in rural area studies, no inventory study was conducted to improve the social and cultural structure. The Karasu Stream, which flows along the south-facing slope of the rural settlement, is also a wetland with a very high groundwater level. A detailed evaluation study on this aspect was not included in the project. In our country, land consolidation efforts, which fall within the scope of rural planning, require a multifaceted approach that considers social, economic, cultural, and physical factors.

A research on the performance of the pumice media filter

2026-05-25T21:40:25+00:00

This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of pumice and sand media in removing suspended solids from irrigation water. In the study, sand and pumice media passed through 0.05-1 mm and 1-2 mm sieve openings were used. Raw water with a sediment concentration of 150 mg/L was passed through the media filters under the operating pressure of 100 kPa. For each hour of process time, the discharge velocities are measured, and sediment contents are determined via the gravimetric method. Total cumulative flow volumes for sand and pumice media were 14349 L and 15218 L, respectively, after the 35 h operating period. The discharge velocities were changed between 47.71 m³/m²/h and 3.22 m³/m²/h for sand medium, and 49.46 m³/m²/h and 3.44 m³/m²/h for pumice media. At the end of the study, it can be concluded that the sediment contents and discharge velocities decreased as the total amount of treated water increased in both sand and pumice media filters. Layers of small size were more effective than the other layers at removing the solid particles. Based on the amount of sediment measured in the treated water, it can be said that the sand media was more effective than the pumice media.

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) cultivation in the southern coastal region of Bangladesh

2026-05-25T21:41:37+00:00

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is an herbaceous plant, belonging to the Lamiaceae family, native to the mountainous regions of western and central Mexico and Guatemala. The cultivation of chia in Bangladesh began in 2006. Nowadays, cultivation has spread to different districts due to higher returns than traditional crops. There is evidence of chia cultivation in the northern region of Bangladesh. However, to date, there has been no report on chia cultivation in Bangladesh's southern coastal region. The study aims to evaluate the potential for germination, agronomic, and yield performance of chia in the Bagerhat region of Bangladesh. A field experiment was conducted in two locations of Bagerhat (22.4500°N 89.8583°E, and 22.7806°N 89.7083°E) to evaluate the effects of different seed rates on growth and yield. Three seed rate treatments (T₁ = 3 kg ha^-1, T₂ = 4 kg ha^-1, T₃ = 5 kg ha^-1) were assessed with three replications in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) during the 2023-2024 and 2024-2025 seasons. In the first year, at the first location, no germination was observed in any treatment due to severe salinity, resulting in complete crop failure. In the second location, germination was poor; however, higher seed rates improved crop establishment. Germination percentage under T₁, T₂, and T₃ were 32%, 46%, and 61%, respectively. Seed yield is also significantly influenced by seed rate, with the highest yield (1.12 t.ha^-1) obtained from T₃, followed by T₂ (0.98 t.ha^-1) and T₁ (0.78 t.ha^-1). The enhanced performance in the second year may be due to earlier sowing and comparatively favorable environmental conditions.

Sustainable Beekeeping Through a Data-Driven Web-Based Management System Approach

2026-05-25T21:42:26+00:00

Sustainable and traceable beekeeping practices are essential for protecting colony health, improving production efficiency, and strengthening sectoral knowledge sharing. However, current beekeeping practices still suffer from insufficient record keeping, difficulties in colony monitoring, limited data sharing, and weak integration among stakeholders. This study proposes a data-driven and web-based management system approach to support sustainable beekeeping activities through an integrated digital infrastructure. The proposed system includes colony registration and tracking, activity monitoring, colony health assessment, production and cost management, and open data sharing components within a unified structure. In the developed approach, colony information and field activities are digitally managed through quick response code–based tracking and web-based interfaces. The system architecture is designed using a multilayered Model-View-Controller software structure combined with open data technologies to support scalable and sustainable data management. The proposed approach enables systematic collection, management, visualization, and sharing of beekeeping data among different stakeholders. In addition, the system is expected to support data-driven decision-making processes for reducing colony losses, improving production efficiency, and strengthening sustainable beekeeping practices. The study demonstrates that integrating web-based management systems and open data approaches into beekeeping activities can contribute to the digital transformation of the sector and support the wider adoption of digital agriculture technologies in sustainable apiculture management.

Artificial Intelligence Supported Agricultural Decision Support Systems: The Farming of the Future

2026-05-25T21:44:38+00:00

This study proposes an artificial intelligence (AI) based Agricultural Decision Support System (ADSS) that addresses the lack of data, uncertainties caused by climate change, and the inadequate transfer of scientific knowledge to the field in agricultural production in Turkiye. While digital agriculture technologies generate large volumes of data, most of these data are used solely for monitoring and visualization and fail to deliver actionable, personalized recommendations to farmers. The proposed system compares sensor data and farmer declarations with optimum agronomic parameters defined in the literature to generate meaningful and applicable recommendations on irrigation scheduling, fertilizer management, disease risk, and planting time. Machine learning algorithms support crop recommendation, yield prediction, and risk forecasting, enabling more accurate strategic, tactical, and operational decisions. Reference data are managed exclusively by experts, safeguarding scientific accuracy; regional climatic averages, kc coefficients (crop coefficient), and phenological stage information are consolidated in a centralized database. The system also supports sensorless usage scenarios, making it accessible to small-scale enterprises with limited technology. Image processing and deep learning achieve 97–99% accuracy in disease diagnosis, while IoT sensors detect water stress to enable more efficient autonomous irrigation. The applicability of the system depends on regular and accurate data entry by farmers and on the transparency and explainability of the AI-based decision engine. Data privacy and ethical use are critical for the system's sustainability. Overall, the proposed AI supported agricultural decision support system represents an innovative digital transformation model that aggregates Turkiye's agricultural data on an integrated platform and provides farmers with personalized, applicable guidance shifting agriculture from experience-driven to data-driven, predictable, and sustainable management.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Agricultural Decision Support System, Digital Agriculture

Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal as an Innovative Protein Source in Poultry Feed

2026-05-25T21:43:23+00:00

Abstract

The development of the best composition of animal feed is very important to improve the productivity of livestock. But the search for nutritionally superior and sustainable dietary alternatives still represents a major challenge in animal production systems. This review critically discusses the nutritional value of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) meal as an alternative to soybean meal (SBM) in poultry nutrition with special emphasis on broiler and layer chickens. Synthesis of evidence from the available literature indicates that partial or complete replacement of SBM with BSFL meal leads to favourable outcomes in growth performance, meat quality and carcass characteristics in both broiler and layer chickens. Results indicate the potential of BSFL meal as a sustainable and high-value protein source to improve overall productivity of poultry. However, the literature is still scarce and further controlled studies are necessary to evaluate the dose-dependent effects, long-term effects and economic sustainability of BSFL meal inclusion in commercial poultry diets. Therefore, this review provides a consolidated reference for the nutritional profile of BSFL meal and its prospective role as a functional feed ingredient in modern poultry production systems.

Methods and Software Used in Irrigation Programming Worldwide

2026-05-25T21:45:36+00:00

Growing pressure on freshwater supplies worldwide demands that agriculture adopt more efficient irrigation strategies. As conventional scheduling methods increasingly fall short, a diverse ecosystem of software tools—spanning FAO-based calculators, physically based simulation models, and IoT-enabled smart platforms—has emerged to guide water allocation decisions. This study provides a comparative evaluation of eleven such tools used globally, assessing their computational foundations, data requirements, strengths, and limitations. Software tools such as CROPWAT, HYDRUS, SWAP, DSSAT, REF-ET, DSS_ET, IAM_ETo, ETo Calculator, DailyET, ETO and AGROS are analyzed in terms of their data requirements, advantages, limitations, and application areas. The findings reveal that integrating IoT and machine learning fosters a profound transformation in irrigation management through real-time monitoring and data-driven decision-making. The study also discusses the status and future potential of irrigation software in Türkiye, highlighting the importance of regional and local solutions for sustainable water management.

Keywords: Irrigation Scheduling, Smart Irrigation, Decision Support Systems

Packaging Systems Using Agricultural Product in World

2026-05-25T21:47:19+00:00

Packaging is essential for the preservation of food for longer period by extending the shelf life of food. Conventionally plastic, cardboard and pepper were used for food packaging but there were some limitations that plastic is a non-degradable material and it could be dangerous for food items and also polluted the environment. On the other hand cardboard and peppers are biodegradable but they don’t have good barrier ability for moisture and gas which is crucial factor in food preservation. Therefore this article focused on bioactive packaging which could be obtained from agricultural residues during farming and food processing. These Agricultural residues could be obtained from fruits, vegetables and other plant wastes including rice husks, maize comb etc. These residues have rich content of cellulose, lignin and pectin which are important material for food packaging films and coatings. These contents have good ability of moisture and gas barriers, also have flexibility and tensile strength. These agricultural sources also have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties which are important factors in food packaging for preserving food from oxidation and microbial spoilage. So it is concluded from this review that agricultural residues are best source of food packaging and also ecofriendly because of their biodegradable ability.

A Study on Chromatographic Analysis and Machine Learning in Strawberry Breeding.

2026-05-25T21:48:11+00:00

In recent years, there have been remarkable advances in determining the biochemical properties of berry fruits. In fruit breeding, GWAS and QTL mapping studies are fundamental statistical methods used to identify candidate genes that influence fruit quality parameters, particularly flavour and nutritional quality. As is well known, the cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is a plant with a highly complex genetic structure due to its octoploid constitution (2n=8x=56). For this reason, machine learning algorithms—particularly artificial neural networks—offer significant advantages in strawberry breeding research for modelling the complex, non-linear relationships between genotype and phenotype. Furthermore, artificial intelligence techniques offer significant benefits in interpreting model predictions, integrating genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic data, and more accurately identifying flavour mechanisms, thereby saving time and ensuring the right targets are met. For example, the rapid and accurate identification of the biochemical and genetic characteristics of strawberry fruits is of vital importance for breeding purposes. Also, the metabolic profiles—such as sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose), organic acids (citric, malic, ascorbic) and volatile aroma compounds—which constitute each fruit’s unique flavour profile, are particularly the most distinctive fruit quality parameters in strawberries. Additionally, the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to model the complex, non-linear relationships between genotype and phenotype in strawberry breeding has gained significance in breeding research in recent years. Moreover, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) offer revolutionary advantages in processing and analyzing visual data, thereby facilitating the achievement of accurate and successful results in strawberry breeding.

The aim of this study is to explain how breeding efforts can be accelerated by using machine learning algorithms to digitize the phenotyping stages which are time-consuming, costly and prone to human error in traditional breeding processes—using machine learning algorithms, thereby explaining how breeding efforts can be accelerated. This study therefore provides practical guidance on how to select high-quality, superior strawberry lines and parental combinations at an early stage with a high degree of accuracy, and on how this can improve the success rate of the breeding programme.

Keywords: strawberry, fruit quality, strawberry breeding, machine learning

GIS-Based Spatial Distribution and Regional Concentration Analysis of Cattle and Small Ruminant Populations in Türkiye

2026-05-25T21:48:35+00:00

The development of sustainable livestock systems is important for ensuring food security, supporting rural development, and enabling the efficient management of agricultural resources. Analyzing the spatial distribution and regional concentration of cattle and small ruminant populations contributes to understanding the structure of livestock activities and regional production dynamics. This study conducts a GIS-based and data-driven spatial analysis using province-level cattle and small ruminant population data in Türkiye. Within the scope of the study, livestock data obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute are evaluated through GIS-based thematic mapping, regional comparisons, and spatial statistical analysis methods to examine spatial patterns, regional concentrations, and local clustering tendencies. The findings are expected to reveal that cattle and small ruminant populations are not homogeneously distributed across Türkiye and that some provinces form notable concentration areas for livestock activities. The study contributes to a better understanding of regional livestock patterns from the perspective of sustainable livestock management. The findings aim to show that GIS-based spatial analysis and spatial statistical methods can support data-driven decision-making approaches in evaluating livestock distribution, regional resource use, and rural development priorities. This study is expected to contribute to the use of digital agriculture and GIS-based analysis approaches in livestock research and to provide a data-driven basis for future studies on sustainable livestock policies.

The Parameter Optimization And Economic-Statistical Analysis Of A Flexible Cable-Driven Rotary Harrow For High-Speed Pre-Sowing Cultivation

2026-05-25T21:50:58+00:00

Achieving high-quality seedbed preparation in heavy clay-loam environments remains a significant challenge for conventional tillage implements. This study investigates the structural kinematics and technological optimization of a novel, patented flexible cable-driven rotary harrow. The research integrates advanced mathematical modeling of rotary tillage dynamics with empirical field validation conducted at the Ganja RAEM experimental station using a Belarus-892 tractor. The innovative design employs a discrete chain-cable synchronization system, which enhances adaptability to soil micro-relief compared to rigid-axle benchmarks. Experimental data demonstrate that the prototype maintains superior operational stability at high-speed regimes of 14–16 km/h, achieving a mean cultivation depth of 7.72 cm with a uniformity coefficient of V=14.25%. Through Response Surface Methodology (RSM), it was confirmed that the synergy between a 380 mm rotor diameter and a 15 km/h forward velocity optimizes the soil crumbling degree to a peak of 81.28%. Notably, the agronomically optimal fraction (<10 mm) reached 51%, with an experimental precision of P=2.85%. Transitioning to this flexible cable-driven system resulted in a profound resource-saving effect, reducing labor intensity by 62.3% and operational expenditures by 55.3%. With a calculated net annual economic benefit of 7,783.7 AZN per unit, the implementation ensures a rapid return on investment. This study introduces a first-of-its-kind synchronization framework for rotary soil-engaging components, providing a robust scientific basis for the next generation of high-speed, energy-efficient agricultural machinery.

A Study on Increasing Yield and Profitability Through the Use of Smart Systems in the Management of Almond Orchards

2026-05-25T21:52:12+00:00

In agricultural production, almond cultivation is a fruit-farming sector gaining prominence in Türkiye and worldwide, owing to its greater tolerance of soil types compared to other fruit crops and its high economic value. Therefore, optimizing almond orchard management is vital for promoting sustainable agriculture and ensuring food security. In recent years, almond orchard management has been implemented using smart fertilization and irrigation systems based on microclimatic meteorological data and automated, precise drip irrigation and fertilization programs based on IoT and Evapotranspiration (ET) data. Furthermore, tree health and plant water stress index (CWSI) monitoring can be performed using NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) obtained from drone or satellite imagery. In addition, AI-based early warning systems against early spring frosts, one of the biggest risks in almond orchards, and the integration of broad-spectrum cameras and smart sensors against biotic and abiotic stresses that cause significant economic damage to almond orchards, such as disease prediction, create a digital protective shield that enables the detection of biotic and abiotic stress factors at the cellular level before they are perceived by the human eye. Then, advanced cameras placed on unmanned aerial vehicles or fixed stations map the micro-changes in chlorophyll content, cell structure, and leaf temperature in the leaves via NDVI and CWSI. After this mapping process, moisture, leaf wetness, and trunk diameter sensors pre-placed underground and on tree trunks provide a 24/7 real-time physiological data stream from the orchard. By combining these two technologies with AI-based predictive models, wind turbines are automatically triggered in response to frost risk, fungal disease spores are predicted while still in the germination stage, and drought stress is prevented before it turns into damages. The aim of this study is to detect biotic and abiotic stress factors and increasing input costs related to the climate crisis in almond cultivation at an early stage using smart technologies.

Development of the Broiler Industry in Türkiye Over the Last Ten Years

2026-05-25T21:53:20+00:00

The broiler industry is one of the fastest-growing branches of poultry production and plays an important role in meeting the demand for animal protein. In recent years, Türkiye has become one of the leading countries in the global poultry sector due to its increasing production capacity, modern integrated facilities, and export potential. This study aimed to evaluate the development of the broiler industry in Türkiye over the last ten years. Data used in the study were obtained from the databases of the Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK), the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, BESD-BİR, and FAO. Broiler meat production, slaughter numbers, per capita poultry meat consumption, export status, and economic changes in the sector between 2016 and 2025 were examined. The findings indicated that the Turkish broiler sector has grown significantly over the last decade and its production capacity has increased considerably. However, feed costs, dependence on imported raw materials, and periodic disease outbreaks remain important challenges for the sustainability of the sector.

Performance Analysis of the Turkish Egg Industry Over the Last Ten Years

2026-05-25T21:56:13+00:00

In this study, the performance of the Turkish egg industry between 2016 and 2025 was evaluated in terms of production, consumption, exports, and economic indicators. Data obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT), Central Union of Egg Producers of Türkiye (YUM-BİR), FAO statistics, and sectoral reports were used in the research. Egg production volume, laying hen population, per capita consumption, export performance, and changes in feed costs were analyzed. According to the findings, Türkiye has shown significant growth in egg production over the last decade and has become one of the leading countries in global egg production. Continuous increases were observed particularly in production and exports during the 2016–2023 period. However, rising feed costs, avian influenza risks, energy expenses, and export restrictions negatively affected the sector during 2024–2025. As a result, it was concluded that increasing domestic feed raw material production, strengthening biosecurity measures, and maintaining stable export policies are essential for the sustainable growth of the Turkish egg industry.

Valorization of Date Sorting Rejects and Date Pits from Mejhoul, Boufeggous, and Jihel Varieties: Processing, Product Development, and Physicochemical Characterization

2026-06-02T11:38:18+00:00

Date sorting rejects, corresponding to fruits with visual defects and low market value, together with date pits, are agro-food by-products that remain underutilized despite their nutritional and technological potential. This study focused on the valorization of these by-products from three Moroccan date varieties (Mejhoul, Boufeggous, and Jihel) for the development of innovative food products. First, the raw materials were characterized in terms of their physicochemical and microbiological properties. Based on these characteristics, several value-added products were developed, including date syrup, date paste, date powder, date-enriched biscuits, and a coffee substitute produced from roasted date pits. The results showed that date sorting rejects present favorable characteristics for valorization, with low water activity (0.303–0.342), high soluble solids content (61.6–78 °Brix), and good microbiological stability. The produced date syrups exhibited high yields (>80%), total soluble solids ranging from 69.9 to 72.8 °Brix, pH values between 4.25 and 4.53, and viscosities from 2,924 to 7,929 cP, comparable to commercial products. Date pastes showed yields above 100%, total soluble solids of 63.4–65.6 °Brix, and water activity between 0.55 and 0.70. Date powders were characterized by low moisture content (<10%) and very low water activity (<0.18), ensuring good storage stability. The powder from the Jihel variety proved particularly suitable for biscuit formulation, allowing complete replacement of sucrose and up to 50% substitution of wheat flour while maintaining acceptable sensory quality. In contrast, coffee substitutes produced from date pits exhibited satisfactory physicochemical properties but limited consumer acceptance. Overall, these findings highlight the strong potential of date sorting rejects and date pits as sustainable raw materials for the development of value-added food products, contributing to the reduction of post-harvest losses and the promotion of a circular economy in the date palm sector.

Effect of Diatomite and Seashell on Ammonium Nitrogen in Aquarium Wastewater

2026-05-25T22:01:36+00:00

In aquarium systems, nitrogenous compounds such as ammonium/ammonia are produced through the decomposition of fish metabolic wastes, feces, and uneaten feed, thereby adversely affecting water quality. In this study, the effects of powdered and gravel-sized diatomite and seashell, which can be used as natural substrate materials, on ammonium removal from aquarium wastewater were investigated. The study was conducted in five groups—control, powdered diatomite, gravel-sized diatomite, seashell, and powdered seashell—with three replicates per group. Each experimental container was filled with 600 mL of aquarium wastewater, and 6 g/L of natural material was added to all groups except the control. Water temperature, pH, NH₃, NH₄⁺-N, and TAN values were monitored for 53 hours. At the end of the experiment, no significant differences were observed among the groups in terms of water temperature and pH (p > 0.05). However, NH₃ values in the powdered and gravel-sized diatomite groups were significantly lower than those in the control group (p < 0.05). NH₄⁺-N values decreased in all treatment groups compared with the control. Diatomite and seashell contributed to the reduction of ammonium levels in aquarium wastewater. In conclusion, diatomite and seashell can be used in aquaria as low-cost, natural, and decorative substrate materials; however, diatomite was found to be more effective, particularly in ammonia control.

Biosynthesis Of Zno-Cuo Nanoparticles of Viola Betonicifolia L. Flower Extract And Investigate Their Therapeutic Potential

2026-05-25T22:04:02+00:00

Current study investigated the green synthesis of bimetallic CuO and ZnO nanoparticles mediated by Viola betonicifolia L. plant extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized nanoparticles were analyzed by Ultra Violet Spectroscopy, X- rays spectrum as well as by Scanning Electron Microscope and the results revealed the formation of well dispersed small sized nanoparticles of the target metal ions. Biological activities of CuO-ZnO nanoparticles were recognized via several tests. The synthesized nanoparticles showed significant zone of inhibition of 19mm,15mm,13mm and 12 mm by using Escherichia coli, S.aureus, K.pneumoniae, B.subtilius, Candida and Aspergillus species respectively. The obtained results revealed potent bactericidal and fungicidal activities. Additionally, these nanoparticles also demonstrated enhanced catalytic performance in degrading textile dye, attributed to increase surface area and electron transfers capabilities. Thus, these CuO-ZnO NPs were found effective multifunctional agent as antimicrobial, antifungal and environmental remediation particularly in removal of dye.

Keys word: CuO-ZnO, Nanoparticles, Bactericidal, plant, Violabetonicifolia L. ,Antibacterial, Antifungal, Dye-degradation, Therapeutic potential, Green synthesis

The Effect of Leonardite on pH in Aquaculture and Its Stabilization with Clinoptilolite

2026-05-25T22:02:15+00:00

In aquaculture systems, pH values between 6.5 and 8.5 are generally considered suitable; however, the optimum range may vary depending on the cultured species, water alkalinity, temperature, and production system. In the present study, the effects of the natural adsorbents leonardite and zeolite on pH were investigated. Two different particle sizes of leonardite, namely powder and gravel forms, were used at three different concentrations (3, 6, and 9 mg/L), while zeolite was added in gravel form (3–5 mm) at three different concentrations (3, 6, and 9 mg/L). The experiment was conducted for a total of six days, during which pH values were recorded.

During the first three measurements, the effect of leonardite on water pH was determined. Following this stage, gravel-sized zeolite was added to the experimental groups, and its influence on pH values in terms of acidic or basic shifts was evaluated. At the end of the experiment, the differences among groups in terms of pH values were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). Final pH values ranged between 6.50 and 7.64, indicating that the recorded values remained within a suitable range for many freshwater species. In conclusion, the combined use of the natural adsorbents leonardite and clinoptilolite may be considered suitable for pH stabilization in freshwater aquaculture.

Probiotics in Poultry Nutrition: A comprehensive Bibliometric and thematic analysis of two decades of research (2000-2025)

2026-05-25T22:05:02+00:00

This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric and thematic analysis of two decades of global research on probiotics in poultry nutrition (2000-2025) using the R bibliometric library version 4.4.3 and VOSviewer software version 1.6.20. Based on a documentary corpus of 4 447 publications from 317 scientific journals indexed in Scopus and Web of Science (WoS), it maps the evolution of scientific production, major actors, international collaboration networks, and thematic structure of the field. According to the analyses, China, the United States, and Egypt are the most productive countries in this field, and the United States appears as a central actor, with collaborations connecting several continents. Wang Y., Wang J., and Liu Y appear as major contributors to research on probiotics in poultry nutrition, and Zagazig University, an Egyptian university, appears as the most influential institution. The results also reveal exponential growth in publications particularly from 2016 onwards, as well as progressive structuring of the field around dominant themes such as “broilers”, “growth-performance”, “performance”, “probiotics”, and “supplementation”, shifting from primarily zootechnical approaches towards more integrated investigations, including interactions between intestinal microbiota, growth performance, and immune response. Despite this apparent maturity, the field remains fragmented, with dispersion of themes and approaches. This study thus constitutes one of the first bibliometric analyses specifically dedicated to probiotics in avian nutrition and highlights the need for better conceptual integration to guide future research and optimize the use of these additives in poultry production.

The Planning in Smart Agricultural Production with Artificial Intelligence

2026-05-25T22:05:55+00:00

As the population grows and conflicts continue, we need to increase agricultural productivity to ensure food security. Artificial intelligence is now a key part of agricultural and Data-Driven Agricultural Management. It is helping to move modern farming toward smart farming. This leads to more crops, better products, and lasting growth. Today, we see significant progress in AI technologies and the Internet of Things, which are being used for many farming tasks. The goal of this study is to demonstrate some modern ways artificial intelligence can be used to plan smart agricultural production. Adding AI-powered systems to the farming planning process can help address problems with traditional farming and make the system more flexible and efficient. Digital technologies are now changing the agriculture industry in a big way.

Distribution areas and medicinal importance of the species of Cirsium Mill. found in Azerbaijan

2026-05-25T22:07:29+00:00

The article analyzes the geographical distribution areas, ecological characteristics and medicinal importance of the species of the genus Cirsium Mill. of the Asteraceae family, which are widespread in Azerbaijan. At the same time, the protection and effective use of species belonging to the genus are discussed. Problem: Cirsium Mill., one of the widespread medicinal plants in Azerbaijan, is considered an important component of biodiversity. These plants are mainly distributed in foothills, meadows, semi-deserts and roadside areas. Cirsium Mill. species are found especially in the Lesser Caucasus, Greater Caucasus, Talysh zone and lowland regions. In the high mountain belts of the area, it is found in rocky, stony, stony-gravel and gravelly vegetation. As a result of the location of Cirsium Mill. plant individuals at a certain distance from each other in rocky areas, sparse and poorly developed vegetation is formed. Studies show that Cirsium Mill. plants are rich in flavonoids, alkaloids, essential oils and antioxidant substances. In folk medicine, their roots, leaves, and seeds are used to treat liver, biliary tract, digestive system, and inflammatory diseases. Method: Field studies and comparative morphological analyses of several species, especially Cirsium tricholoma, Cirsium rhizocephalum and Cirsium frickii, were carried out in the mountainous regions of the Lesser and Greater Caucasus during the vegetation period. Herbarium materials and phytochemical analyses were also used to determine ecological and medicinal characteristics of the species. Result: The obtained results indicate that these species are ecologically adapted to subalp and alp meadow ecosystems and possess important pharmacological potential due to the presence of biologically active compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids and phenolic substances. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the ecological role, medicinal value and necessity of protection and sustainable use of Cirsium Mill. species in Azerbaijan flora.

Investigation of the Landscape Design of 80 Binde Devr-i Alem Park Using the Eye-Tracking Technique

2026-05-25T22:08:36+00:00

Landscape design is a combination of natural and cultural components that directly affect people's spatial perception and aesthetic experiences. The eye-tracking technique, on the other hand, is an innovative method that reveals perception toward the urban and visual environment with qualitative and quantitative data by tracking pupil movements. The purpose of this study is to investigate the landscape design of Konya 80 Binde Devr-i Alem Park through user perception via the eye-tracking technique. Within the scope of the research, landscape images obtained from the site were shown to 30 volunteer participants. In the study, areas of interest (AOIs) were defined in three main categories as vegetative elements, structural elements, and water elements. Based on these defined areas of interest, heat maps, along with total fixation duration and fixation count metrics, were obtained. The quantitative data obtained from eye-tracking metrics were analyzed using the Repeated Measures ANOVA test. The analysis results revealed that there were statistically significant differences between landscape elements (vegetative, structural, water) in terms of both eye-tracking metrics (p < 0.05). It was determined that the participants fixated on the structural and water elements in the park more frequently and for a longer duration compared to the vegetative elements. The findings obtained provide important data for designers in terms of the management of visual focal points and the balanced distribution of landscape components in thematic park designs.

The Urban Image of Konya in the Memory of Selçuk University Students

2026-05-25T22:09:27+00:00

The urban image is a reflection of how individuals perceive, interpret, and encode urban space in their memories. University students constitute a significant stakeholder group in shaping the urban image due to their intense spatial interactions and dynamic mobility. This study aims to examine the urban image of Konya formed in the mental processes of Selçuk University students through the components of urban perception and spatial memory. Based on Kevin Lynch’s theoretical framework of "The Image of the City," the research methodology relies on face-to-face surveys conducted with 96 volunteer students studying at Selçuk University. The obtained quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software; within this scope, the relationships between the participants' demographic characteristics and the structural elements forming the urban image (paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks) were examined through statistical analyses. According to the analysis results, it was observed that the urban image of Konya in the students' memory is predominantly shaped around the Mevlana Museum and Alaaddin Hill in the historical city center, the S.U. Alaeddin Keykubat Campus as their daily living space, and the tram line connecting these two focal points. Furthermore, it was determined that demographic variables, such as students' length of residence in Konya and their gender, create a significant difference in their levels of mapping and recalling urban elements. The findings obtained offer suggestions for future urban planning and landscape architecture strategies for the city of Konya.

Allelopathic Effects of Common Weeds on Durum Wheat Germination and Early Growth in Northwest Algeria

2026-05-25T22:10:32+00:00

Weeds exert strong allelopathic interactions that can negatively affect crop establishment, making their study essential for sustainable agriculture. This work examined the allelopathic potential of three common species—Malva sylvestris L., Oxalis pes-caprae L., and Fumaria capreolata L.—on the early growth stages of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.). Plant material was collected from citrus orchards in the Tlemcen region of Northwest Algeria, and aqueous extracts were prepared from dried aerial parts using two methods: shaking (EA1) and maceration (EA2). Extracts were applied at graded concentrations (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) to evaluate their effects on germination, coleoptile elongation, and radicle growth. The study measured germination percentage, coleoptile length, radicle length, and inhibition rates, with statistical analysis performed using two-way ANOVA. Results revealed significant and dose-dependent inhibition of wheat development, with clear differences among species. M. sylvestris showed the strongest allelopathic activity, reaching complete inhibition at high concentrations with EA1. O. pes-caprae exerted moderate and progressive effects, occasionally stimulating growth at low doses, while F. capreolata displayed a subtler but increasingly pronounced impact at higher concentrations, particularly on radicle elongation. Across treatments, EA1 extracts were generally more effective than EA2, emphasizing the importance of extraction protocol in determining bioactivity. These findings demonstrate that M. sylvestris and F. capreolata possess considerable allelopathic potential and could serve as sources of natural compounds for plant-based weed control. Their valorization may contribute to the development of eco-friendly strategies for managing weeds in cereal production systems.

Keywords: Allelopathy, weeds, durum wheat, aqueous extracts, biocontrol, germination

Air Logistics in International Equestrian Sports Organizations: A Comparative Content Analysis on the Operational Roles of Service Providers

2026-05-25T22:11:55+00:00

The supply chain processes of organisations involved in international equestrian sports entail multi-stakeholder logistics operations that require intensive coordination and a high degree of precision. Considering that over 200 racehorses are transported by air on a daily basis worldwide, this mode of transport emerges as a specialized research area due to its high volume and operational complexity.

This study aims to examine the operational processes, products and solutions offered, and corporate strategies of horse air transport service providers operating in prestigious international events using a comparative content analysis method. Within the scope of the research, data obtained from the corporate websites, press releases and industry publications of logistics service providers within the supply chains of major organisations were systematically analysed. The scope of services, equipment and infrastructure standards, animal welfare practices, regulatory compliance and organisation-based operational experience dimensions of these businesses were examined.

The findings reveal that service providers are categorised under two distinct structures based on their operational roles. The first comprises air cargo carriers, which stand out for their air transport capacity and robust logistics infrastructure; the second encompasses specialised service providers that manage all logistics coordination and operational planning for the entire organisational process from start to finish. This study aims to provide a unique conceptual and empirical contribution to the fields of logistics for international sporting events and live animal transport.

Irrigation Automations in Digital Agriculture

2026-06-02T18:45:37+00:00

Water is an indispensable natural resource for sustaining all living organisms, yet it is limited in quantity. Rapid population growth, climate change and the associated tendency toward drought observed worldwide are increasing the demand for water resources day by day. This growing demand places serious pressure on water resources and adversely affects agricultural production in particular. The efficient use of water in agricultural production is a decisive factor in productivity. Therefore, the integration of irrigation automation systems into agriculture has become one of the priority issues of the sector. With advancing technology, the use of artificial intelligence based solutions in agricultural irrigation is becoming increasingly widespread; these solutions optimize irrigation processes and make significant contributions to water conservation and sustainable management. In this study, irrigation automation systems implemented in Turkiye and around the world were examined in detail; the functioning of current technologies, their fields of application and the benefits they provide were evaluated from an academic perspective.

Automation Systems Used in Animal Shelters

2026-06-02T18:46:40+00:00

Global population growth necessitates not only an increase in food production but also the adoption of more efficient, sustainable and advanced livestock production systems. In this context, the development of automation systems used in animal shelters has emerged as a process requiring technical expertise and professional competence. These processes require the accurate analysis of data and sound decision making by taking into account critical factors such as animal health and welfare and the use of human labor. Consequently, the use of automation systems in livestock enterprises is gaining increasing importance both worldwide and in Türkiye. This study discusses the functions and benefits of advanced technologies, automation, sensors and farm applications that have been developed and implemented in livestock enterprises from past to present.

Impact of various plant protein isolates (lupin, chickpea, pea, and soy) on the quality parameters of low-fat vegan mayonnaise

2026-06-02T18:47:53+00:00

In this study, the effects of various plant protein isolates (including lupin, chickpea, pea, and soy) used as substitutes for egg yolk on the physicochemical, rheological, and textural properties of low-fat vegan mayonnaise formulations were assessed and compared with traditional mayonnaise. The quality characteristics of the produced emulsions were assessed through various methods, including pH measurement, evaluation of emulsion stability, colorimetric analysis (L*, a*, b*), apparent viscosity determination, and texture profile analysis to examine hardness parameters. The findings revealed that the control group exhibited the most stable emulsion (97.10% stability) and the maximum apparent viscosity (4.87 Pa.s). Among the plant isolates, soy protein demonstrated performance closest to egg yolk in industrial applications, with emulsion stability reaching 95.42% and textural hardness at 92.44 g, owing to its robust network structure supported by its hydrophobic amino acids. Conversely, lupin protein demonstrated a color profile resembling that of egg yolk (b* = 27.41), owing to its inherent pigments, and showed effective preservation of structural integrity with an emulsion stability of 90.96%. Chickpea and pea proteins showed emulsion stabilities of 93.20% and 84.53%, respectively, but created a more fluid emulsion matrix with lower viscosities of 1.40 Pa.s and 1.37 Pa.s. This scenario may be associated with the formation of weaker film layers at the oil droplet interface. The pH values of all analyzed formulations ranged from 3.64 to 4.06, which are within the acceptable acidic range aimed at ensuring microbial stability. In conclusion, soy and lupin proteins offer innovative structural and aesthetic alternatives for the production of vegan mayonnaise.

Artificial intelligence and machine learning for texture and sensory optimization in plant-based meat analogs: A review

2026-06-02T18:49:26+00:00

In the production of plant-based meat analogs, mimicking the characteristic texture (toughness, elasticity, fibrous structure) and sensory properties of real meat is a critical technological challenge in food science. Traditional formulation development and extrusion processes are often based on time-consuming, resource-intensive, and costly trial-and-error methods. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the optimization potential of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms in plant-based meat design and to highlight the advantages they offer compared to traditional methods (e.g., Response Surface Methodology). A review of the current literature shows that machine learning models successfully model the complex and nonlinear relationships between input components and the textural quality of the final product. Neural networks such as decision tree-based algorithms (Random Forest, XGBoost) and Multilayer Perceptrons have been found to provide very high accuracy in texture and rheology prediction. In particular, Multi-Objective Bayesian Optimization has proven to significantly reduce the number of experimental trials required to achieve the target tissue profile compared to traditional methods, maximizing process efficiency. Furthermore, the integration of these algorithms with non-destructive "Green Analytics" tools such as hyperspectral imaging and electronic nose (e-nose) has been shown to support environmental sustainability by reducing sample waste and chemical waste by up to 90%. Consequently, the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning goes beyond traditional input-to-output approaches in plant-based meat production, enabling the "Inverse Design" vision where the targeted tissue is rationally constructed directly using algorithms. This allows for the much faster development of innovative food formulations that increase resource efficiency and meet consumer expectations.

Preliminary Findings on Nest Ecology, Reproductive Parameters, and Anthropogenic Waste in Yellow-legged Gulls (Larus michahellis) Breeding on Akliman Gull Island, Sinop

2026-06-03T05:22:04+00:00

The yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis) is an opportunistic seabird that exhibits high ecological flexibility in its feeding and nest-building behaviours. Owing to these characteristics, it frequently comes into contact with anthropogenic waste in coastal and aquatic habitats, landfill sites, harbour areas, and urban feeding grounds where human influence is intense. In particular, materials such as plastic, paper, string, fishing line, fabric fragments, packaging waste, wet wipes, and similar debris are known to be directly ingested by gulls or used as nesting material. These materials may pose several risks to chicks, including entanglement, injury, restricted mobility, infection, ingestion, impaired development, and, in severe cases, mortality. In addition, the fragmentation of plastics into macroplastics and microplastics under environmental conditions may increase the risk of physical, chemical, and microbial exposure for both adult individuals and chicks. Therefore, the study conducted on Akliman Gull Island aims to evaluate, at the level of preliminary findings, the possible effects of anthropogenic materials found in nests on chick health and nest ecology, together with basic reproductive parameters. Within the scope of the project, observational studies began in mid-February, while systematic field studies started at the end of March, and the study is still ongoing. Based on its habitat characteristics, Gull Island was divided into three main habitat types: wooded, grassy, and rocky areas. By the field survey conducted at the end of May, a total of 154 nests, 368 eggs, and 146 gull chicks had been recorded on the island. In addition, 52 dead eggs were documented. During field observations, cannibalistic behaviour was commonly observed on the island, particularly attacks by neighbouring adult individuals on chicks located in other nests or near nest sites. In this process, the number of detectable dead chicks was determined as 19. As the study continues, these data will be evaluated together in relation to habitat type, nest characteristics including length, width, and depth, egg parameters including width, length, and weight, chick parameters including body weight, and the presence of anthropogenic waste. This project is supported by the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Sinop University under project code EĞTF-1901-25-010.

Keywords: Gull, Anthoropogenic waste, Pollution, Macroplastic, Microplastic, Bird Health

The Sustainable Livestock Production in the Context of the European Green Deal

2026-06-02T18:51:36+00:00

Climate change is one of the leading global environmental problems creating increasing pressure on natural resources, ecosystems, and food production systems. Following the industrial revolution, the increased use of fossil fuels, rapid population growth, urbanization, industrialization, deforestation, and the unsustainable use of natural resources have significantly increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide accelerate global warming and increase the frequency and severity of climate-related events. While the agricultural sector is responsible for approximately 12% of total global greenhouse gas emissions, this rate is around 14% in Türkiye. Livestock production is a strategic sector in terms of food security and rural development; however, it contributes to greenhouse gas emissions through enteric fermentation, manure management, feed production, energy consumption, and waste generation. This study evaluated the relationship between sustainable livestock production and the European Green Deal by examining climate change, greenhouse gas emissions, and environmentally friendly production approaches within the livestock sector. The evaluation indicated that methane emissions, decreasing pasture productivity, drought, increasing temperatures, and limited water resources threaten the sustainability of livestock production systems. In particular, the stronger impact of methane on global warming compared to carbon dioxide highlights the necessity of climate-friendly livestock practices. The European Green Deal, announced by the European Union in 2019, aims to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 through environmentally sustainable production systems. Within this framework, sustainable pasture management, high-quality roughage production, efficient feed utilization, improved animal nutrition strategies, manure and waste management, renewable energy use, and increased resource-use efficiency have become important sustainability practices in livestock production. In addition, the European Union’s Farm to Fork Strategy aims to establish more sustainable, reliable, and environmentally friendly food production systems. The study demonstrates that reducing environmental impacts while maintaining production efficiency is essential for the sustainability of livestock systems. Consequently, the development of sustainability-oriented livestock policies is considered critical for environmental protection, conservation of natural resources, and future food security.

Adoption of improved technologies amongst plantain farmers in Bayelsa State

2026-06-03T05:14:54+00:00

ABSTRACT

Despite the economic significance of plantain and the availability of yield-enhancing technologies, productivity remains low due to limited adoption of technologies. This study examined the factors affecting plantain farmers' use of improved technologies in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The study specifically described farmers' socio-economic characteristics, identified technologies available and used, examined the level of adoption, analyzed factors influencing the use of technologies, and identified constraints. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 100 plantain farmers, from whom primary data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a logistic regression model. The results revealed a predominantly female (70%), middle-aged (mean=45 years), and reasonably educated farming population (mean =14 years), operating small-scale farms (mean=2.1 ha) with limited access to credit (27%) and extension services (25%). While awareness of technologies (92%) was high, adoption was highest for low-cost practices (mulching: 81%) and lowest for capital-intensive ones (tissue culture: 12%). The regression analysis identified education, farm size, access to credit, and extension services as significant positive drivers of adoption, while older age, high perceived cost, and complexity were significant negative barriers. The major constraints were high input cost (85%), inadequate extension support (75%), and lack of credit access (73%). The study concludes that technology adoption in Bayelsa State is influenced by a complex mix of socioeconomic, institutional, and perceptual factors. It is recommended that policy interventions focus on providing input subsidies, improving access to credit, and revitalizing agricultural extension services. Extension agencies should promote farmer-centric low-cost technologies and leverage farmer cooperatives for effective dissemination. Addressing these barriers is crucial for enhancing technology adoption, improving plantain productivity, and ensuring sustainable agricultural development in the region.

Assessing the Lethal Concentration (LC50) of Cadmium Chloride on Mediterranean Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis)

2026-05-29T13:36:30+00:00

Heavy metal pollution of industrial and domestic origin in aquatic ecosystems is a critical environmental problem that threatens human health through the food chain. The aim of this study was to determine the acute toxicity levels of cadmium chloride and early-stage ecotoxicological responses in Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) obtained from a cultivation facility (the Mussel and Oyster Cultivation Facility established at Sinop University). During the 96-hour static bioassays conducted in filtered seawater, the average water temperature was maintained at 17.78±0.03 °C, and the pH at 7.93±0.05. The average length of the mussel specimens used in the experiment was measured as 40.48 ± 0.82 mm, and the width as 20.58 ± 0.42 mm. In the triplicate experiments, the organisms were exposed to cadmium concentrations of 0.5, 1, 5, 10, and 15 ppm, in addition to the control group. During the first 24 hours of exposure, distinct physiological stress and avoidance behaviors such as valve closure, immobility, and increased fecal production were observed, particularly at high doses of 10 ppm and above. Based on mortality data at the end of the observation period, a Probit analysis determined the 96-hour median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) value for M. galloprovincialis to be 3.03326 ppm, indicating that the species possesses a high tolerance threshold to acute cadmium exposure. The numerical findings obtained serve as an early warning criterion for food safety risk analysis and monitoring programs in bivalve aquaculture in the region. This preliminary study provides a foundational dataset for future sublethal chronic studies designed at lower concentrations and for elucidating the cellular level mechanisms of cadmium’s toxic effects on bioindicator species.

Biofilm Formation by Foodborne Pathogens in Meat Processing Facilities: Challenges and Control Strategies

2026-06-02T18:53:24+00:00

Biofilm formation by foodborne pathogens in meat-processing facilities represents a major challenge to food safety, product quality, and public health worldwide. In these environments, microorganisms attach to food-contact surfaces and develop structured microbial communities embedded within extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which enhance resistance to disinfectants, environmental stress, and conventional sanitation procedures. This review examines the mechanisms of biofilm formation, including microbial attachment, colonization, maturation, and dispersion, as well as the environmental and operational factors that promote biofilm persistence in meat-processing systems. The review further discusses major biofilm-forming foodborne pathogens associated with meat-processing environments, including Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Campylobacter spp., and Pseudomonas spp., alongside critical contamination sites such as slaughter lines, cutting equipment, storage areas, and drainage systems. The public health significance of biofilms is highlighted through their contribution to pathogen persistence, foodborne disease outbreaks, antimicrobial resistance, and reduced meat shelf life. Additionally, current detection and characterization techniques, including microbiological, molecular, and imaging-based approaches, are evaluated.

Finally, the review explores conventional and emerging biofilm control strategies, with particular focus on natural antimicrobials, bacteriophage applications, enzymatic treatments, surface modification technologies, and integrated HACCP-based hygiene systems. Understanding the ecology and persistence of biofilms within meat-processing facilities is essential for developing effective prevention and control strategies capable of improving meat safety, reducing contamination risks, and supporting sustainable food production practices.

Current Status of Goose Breeding in the World and Türkiye

2026-06-02T18:54:31+00:00

Goose production represents a relatively small but economically and culturally important branch of the global poultry sector. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the current status, production characteristics, and international trade structure of goose breeding worldwide and in Türkiye using recent statistical data and relevant literature sources. Although geese are utilized for meat, fatty liver, feathers/down, egg production, and alternative production systems, global goose production remains highly concentrated geographically. According to recent FAO statistics, China overwhelmingly dominates both world goose population and goose meat production. In 2024, Asia accounted for approximately 89.66% of the global goose population, while China alone represented 88.68% of the world goose population and 98.05% of global goose meat production. In contrast, geese represented only 1.29% of the total world poultry population. In Türkiye, goose breeding is predominantly based on indigenous local populations raised under traditional free-range village systems, although semi-intensive production systems have become increasingly widespread in recent years. Kars province consistently maintained the highest goose population in Türkiye during the last decade. However, goose production in Türkiye continues to face several important constraints, including low reproductive performance, hatchability problems, limited breeding stock availability, insufficient integrated slaughtering and processing infrastructure, and regionally concentrated consumption patterns. Despite its relatively limited contribution to total poultry production, goose breeding remains an important alternative poultry sector with substantial potential for sustainable expansion. Future development of the sector will largely depend on advances in genetic improvement, reproductive management, hatchability efficiency, modern production systems, processing infrastructure, and value-added product development.

Effects of Leaf Removal and Shoot Tipping Applied at Different Stages an Some Yield and Quality Characteristics of Kalecik Karası (Vitis vinifera L.) Grape Cultivar Grown under Ankara Conditions

2026-06-03T04:44:23+00:00

This study investigated the effects of summer pruning practices (leaf removal, shoot topping, and a combination of both) applied at two different phenological stages (bunch closure and veraison) on the yield and quality of the Kalecik Karası (Vitis vinifera L.) grape variety grown under Ankara conditions. The research was conducted at the Research and Application Vineyard of the Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University. The evaluated parameters included yield per vine, number of clusters per vine, 100-berry weight, cluster length and width, total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable Acidity (TA), and total phenolic content. It was determined that the shoot topping treatment improved the values of the parameters examined regarding yield and important morphological characteristics. The highest number of clusters per vine (43.50 clusters/vine) was obtained from the shoot topping treatment applied during the bunch closure stage. In both phenological stages, TSS values were significantly higher in the leaf removal treatment compared to other treatments. For the leaf removal application, the highest total phenolic content was observed both the bunch closure and veraison stages. Correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed strong relationships between cluster characteristics, yield, and fruit quality parameters. In conclusion, identifying optimal summer pruning timing for the Kalecik Karası variety provides a scientific basis for enhancing fruit quality and yield, offering valuable insights for viticultural practices in the Ankara region.

Trophic Positioning and Habitat Ecology: A Comparative Review of PFAS Bioaccumulation Dynamics in Pelagic versus Demersal Fish Species

2026-06-03T04:45:09+00:00

Global concern and pose a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems and to the health of human consumers. Due to their extraordinary chemical stability and amphiphilic nature, these persistent chemicals are effectively biomagnified in marine and freshwater food webs. However, the spatial distribution of PFAS in the water column leads to different bioaccumulation pathways between pelagic and bottom species. Understanding these habitat-specific variations is essential for an accurate assessment of the environmental risks and for the development of targeted frameworks for food safety monitoring. Pelagic species that are present in the upper water column (e.g. mackerel, tuna and bluefin tuna) are primarily exposed to waterborne fractions of PFAS and highly mobile, water-soluble short-chain alternatives through the uptake of pelagic food webs and by the fishery. As these species often exhibit high metabolic rates and extensive migration patterns, their PFAS profiles are strongly influenced by horizontal spatial changes in water contamination and by rapid trophic translocation. Conversely, demersal and benthic species (e.g. flatfish, cod and turbot) are found close to the seabed and are therefore very vulnerable to long-chain variants of PFOS, which are highly organic in nature and accumulate in benthic sediments. The demersal food web is intrinsically linked to the detrital routes and to the organisms living in the sediment, which results in a long-term, chronic exposure matrix for pelagic and demersal fish species. Recent toxicokinetic studies show that while pelagic fish often show a rapid response to changing surface water concentrations, demersal species tend to have significantly higher steady state bioconcentration factors and a higher body weight of hydrochlorofluorocarboxylic and sulphonic PCBs. This comparative analysis highlights that the primary drivers of tissue distribution of PFAS are habitat ecology, interaction with sediments and trophic distribution. Therefore, in order to accurately mitigate the risks of chemical exposure in human food, reliable environmental monitoring and safety regulations need to implement stratified sampling strategies, distinguishing between pelagic and demersal habitats.

Impact of Organic and Inorganic Fertilization on the Growth and Yield Dynamics of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) in the Young Meghna Estuarine Floodplain, Bangladesh

2026-06-03T04:46:49+00:00

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) productivity is heavily reliant on strategic nutrient management to optimize both vegetative growth and reproductive performance. Efficient nutrient application is also essential for reducing yield gaps while maintaining soil biodiversity in subtropical floodplain agroecosystems. This study evaluated the comparative effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yield of tomato at Noakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh (AEZ-18: Young Meghna Estuarine Floodplain), during the Rabi season from December 2022 to March 2023. The experiment was conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and three treatments: T₁ = control (no fertilizer), T₂ = recommended organic fertilizer (cow dung at 10 t ha⁻¹), and T₃ = recommended inorganic fertilizers (urea, TSP, MP, gypsum, zinc, and boric acid at BARI-recommended doses). Results revealed that fertilizer application significantly improved all measured growth and yield parameters. The inorganic fertilizer treatment (T₃) showed the highest performance, with maximum plant height (81.08 cm), leaf number (52.56), and enhanced flowering efficiency. Yield-contributing traits such as fruit length, diameter, and individual fruit weight were also highest under T₃, resulting in a yield of 2.61 kg per plant compared to 1.36 kg per plant in the control. Although inorganic fertilizers provided immediate yield benefits, the findings highlight the importance of integrated nutrient management for sustaining soil health and ensuring long-term productivity in the AEZ-18 region of Bangladesh. These findings provide practical insights for improving tomato productivity in coastal floodplain systems and have broader implications for sustainable intensification in similar agroecological regions worldwide.

Assessment of Biodiversity and Climate Change among Food Marketers in Akure Metropolis, Nigeria

2026-06-03T04:48:06+00:00

The study analyzed the assessment of biodiversity and climate change among food marketers in Akure metropolis, Nigeria. A two-stage sampling procedure was used to select 120 food marketers from the study area. Primary data were used for this study through a well-structured questionnaire, focus group discussions (FGDs), and environmental monitoring devices. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and a multiple regression model. The results showed that 78.3% of respondents were female, with an average age of 46.97 years. Oja Oshodi shows the highest overall biodiversity, while Oja Oba has a larger share of marketers in the lowest biodiversity range (≤ 1.0). Oja Araromi shows moderate to high biodiversity, and Oja Arakale presents a mixed distribution with a significant portion of its markers in both the none and moderate biodiversity categories. The ANOVA results indicate no significant differences in the biodiversity of food crops among the four markets. The ANOVA of key climate change indicators (CO, CO₂, temperature, relative humidity) across three locations in each of the four markets yielded significant results for all indicators. The results further revealed that Gender, Level of Education, membership in an association, and Carbon dioxide (CO₂) had a significant influence on the marketers’ sales. The study concludes that sales/day are affected by biodiversity and climate change, suggesting that, at a minimum, CO₂ is associated with sales/day and that the introduction of diverse food crop products in the study area and Nigeria at large is occurring.

The Role Digital Economy in Enhancing Egg Quality

2026-06-03T05:25:09+00:00

The main of this review was to examine the roles of digital economy in enhancing the egg quality. The leading global egg producing countries are China, India and United States, the bulk of the egg consumption varies over the past few decades due to changes in preferences and technology development. A Systemic approach was employed to identify the global sustainability and consumption patterns of eggs in developed countries, digital methods adopted, and branding. Egg nose detection, spectral analysis technology, computer fission technology, multi-fusion sensor technology, and artificial intelligence technology were the modern digital techniques employed to measure egg quality in developed countries. All these approaches were found to be effective in egg quality controls especially in terms of freshness and shell strength and other related attributes. The study concludes that holistic approaches ranging from nose electronic detection to current use of algorithms using artificial intelligence promotes the freshness, egg shell strength and other physical attributes of eggs in terms of quality in developed countries. The study recommends the needs for developing countries to adopt the modern digital methods using in developed countries for egg quality improvement.

Optimizing Layer Feed Composition for Improved Egg Quality

2026-06-03T04:49:34+00:00

Nutrition plays a significant role in poultry management especially for laying hen who produce eggs which are of high economic value to producers, there is a need to improve the quality of eggs produced by these laying eggs through adequate nutritional measures. The main aim of this review was to examine optimization of layer feed composition for improved egg quality. A Systemic approach was employed to identify organic and inorganic feed composition used by laying hens, feed optimization of laying hens, and factors influencing laying hen’s eggs optimization. The findings reveal that both organic and inorganic feed components had significant impacts on laying in egg quality especially in the terms of egg weight, shell thickness, and Haugh unit. Mineral feed additions like Zinc helps to improve laying eggs during high stress conditions, while methionine acts as antioxidants. Crude protein promotes enzymatic activities which promotes egg formation. Feed optimization improves feeding efficiency and egg quality of laying hens. Several factors influence laying hens egg quality ranging from feeding, genetic history, and environment. The study concludes that a combination of mineral and organic trace feed composition coupled with proper feed optimization patterns daily could improve the egg qualities of laying hens. The study recommends the need for poultry producers to adopts nutrition feeding plan which accommodates important feeding composition and optimization plans.

Türkçe

2026-06-03T04:50:37+00:00

Interest in milk kefir and water kefir, which are important sources of probiotics, has increased even more after the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to regulating the human digestive system and supporting the immune system, probiotic bacteria have been found to have positive effects on health in scientific studies. In addition to the probiotics they contain, the metabolites formed by fermentation also make important contributions to healthy living. Water kefir is an important source especially for individuals with allergies/intolerance to animal products and vegan diets. Water kefir contains various lactic acid bacteria, typically Lactobacillus spp. and Lactococcus spp., acetic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces spp. The Moringa oleifera plant has come to the fore in recent years for its nutritional content; its leaves are rich sources of β-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E and polyphenols. M. oleifera is known to have high antioxidant activity, mainly due to its high content of flavanoids.

In this study, it was aimed to ferment M. oleifera leaves with water kefir culture to obtain a functional product, to determine the fermentation parameters and suitability and to determine the microbial, chemical and sensory properties of the product obtained. Water kefir fermentation was carried out with M. oleifera and at the end of fermentation, acidity increased and lactic acid bacteria and yeasts grew. The energy content of the fermented product was 3 kcal/100g, carbohydrate content was 0.64 g/100g and dietary fiber content was <0.65 g/100g. In the obtained product, lactic acid was determined as 1684 ppm and acetic acid as 1033 ppm by liquid chromatographic method. The results indicate that Moringa oleifera water kefir constitutes a significant product in terms of antioxidant capacity, owing to its total phenolic content, TEAC value, and phenolic compound composition. It was concluded that M. oleifera could be an alternative substrate for low energy water kefir production.

Türkçe

2026-06-03T04:51:40+00:00

The aim of this study was to ferment beet extract with water kefir and to determine the chemical and microbiological properties of the resulting product over a 15-day shelf life. Beet peels were extracted after undergoing specific pretreatments, and the resulting liquid was sterilized by adding 0.5% ginger and garlic. A 5% water kefir grain culture was added at 25°C, and the mixture was left to ferment at this temperature for 36 hours.

The pH, dry matter, ash, lactic acid, and acetic acid content of the organic acids in the pre- and post-fermentation samples were determined by liquid chromatography; additionally, the contents of Lactobacilli spp., Lactococci spp., and yeast were detected. The product’s dry matter content was found to be 2%. The initial pH value decreased significantly from 6.36 to 4.23 by the end of fermentation. Correspondingly, an increase in lactic acid bacteria was observed. The Lactococcus spp. content was determined to be 7.3 log CFU/mL on day 1 and 7.26 log CFU/mL on day 15. The lactic acid content of the kefir derived from beet extract was determined to be 1.880 g/L, and the acetic acid content was determined to be 1.636 g/L; a microbial identification analysis of the kefir was also conducted. Additionally, as part of sensory analysis studies, panelists evaluated the product’s appearance, odor, and taste characteristics, and it was determined that the overall acceptability level was appropriate.

The results obtained indicate that agricultural food industry waste, such as beet peel, can be considered a potential raw material for the production of functional and fermented beverages. It has been determined that fermentation using water kefir contributes positively to the production of microbiologically safe and sensorially acceptable products.

Trace Element Concentrations and Health Risk Assessment of Veined Rapa Whelk (Rapana venosa) from the Southern Black Sea (Sinop, Türkiye)

2026-06-03T04:54:11+00:00

The veined rapa whelk (Rapana venosa), an invasive alien species, was first introduced to the Black Sea in the 1940s. Initially considered a significant marine pest due to its predatory pressure on native benthic bivalves, it has now become a globally exported commodity generating millions of dollars for littoral countries. Although mollusks are crucial sources of high-quality marine protein, their high capacity for bioaccumulating trace elements poses potential food safety concerns.

This study investigates the concentrations of trace elements, including zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd), in the soft tissues of R. venosa collected from the southern Black Sea (Akliman coasts, Sinop). Sampling was conducted at depths of 1–2 meters during May and June 2024, utilizing specimens with lengths of 6-8 cm. The results revealed that among the analyzed elements, Zn exhibited the highest concentration, whereas Cd showed the lowest. The target hazard quotient (THQ) analysis indicated that the consumption of R. venosa from the southern Black Sea poses no potential health risk to consumers. Nevertheless, continuous monitoring of trace elements and food safety in wild veined rapa whelks remains crucial for future research.

Floristic Composition, Community Structure and Biological Spectrum of Vegetation at Sarsawa Hills District Kotli Azad Jammu and Kashmir

2026-06-03T04:56:12+00:00

Sarsawa Hills in District Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan, harbor significant subtropical vegetation, yet their floristic composition and community structure remain poorly documented, limiting conservation and ecological management efforts. This study aimed to characterize the plant diversity, phytosociology, biological spectrum, and leaf size spectra of vegetation across ten sites at Sarsawa Hills (altitude 700–1150 m) during 2023–2024. Field surveys were conducted using the quadrat method, and plant communities were identified through the Importance Value Index (IVI); life forms were classified following Raunkiaer's system while leaf size classes were determined according to standard leaf spectra categories. A total of 92 plant species belonging to 83 genera and 41 families were recorded, with Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, and Lamiaceae as the leading families (9 species each), followed by Fabaceae (8 species). Ten distinct plant communities were identified, with Cynodon dactylon as the dominant species (IVI = 60.00), followed by Olea ferruginea (IVI = 14.70) as co-dominant and Dalbergia sissoo (IVI = 13.1) as an associated component. Analysis of the biological spectrum revealed Therophytes as the dominant life form (41.3%), followed by Nanophanerophytes (19.6%), and Hemicryptophytes and Megaphanerophytes (16.3% each); no Chamaephytes were recorded. Microphylls dominated the leaf size spectrum (35.9%), followed by mesophylls (23.9%) and nanophylls (14.1%). These results indicate that Sarsawa Hills support rich subtropical floral diversity shaped by a warm climate, moderate altitude, and ongoing anthropogenic pressures including overgrazing and deforestation. The dominance of Therophytes and microphylls reflects the seasonal, dry-adapted character of the vegetation, and the findings provide a baseline for biodiversity conservation and sustainable land management in the region.

THE POTENCY OF BAKER’S YEAST (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) AS BIOSORPTION AGENT OF CADMIUM AND CHROMIUN IN KINDIRMO IN KANO STATE, NIGERIA.

2026-06-03T04:56:52+00:00

Abstract

Heavy metals in food, presents a threat to food safety and human health due to their high toxicity which can cause severe illness and death. Kindirmo is a traditional fermented milk product similar to yoghurt, which is widely consumed in Nigeria. The application of biosorbents like bacteria, yeast, and algae is a method of heavy metal decontamination in foods and water. In this study, Kindirmo was produced with baker’s yeast (S. cerevisiae). Furthermore, the kindirimo was intentionally spiked with Cadmium and Chromium separately and in combination in different concentrations of 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 µg/ml. The efficacy of the yeast in decontaminating the fermented milk product was assayed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry to detect the residual metals after 4, 8, 12 and16 hours. The highest removal was noted at the first 4 hours in 50 µg/ml concentration with 76 % efficiency, showing a rapid onset removal for Cadmium. At 90 µg/ml in 16 hours 70 % removal was achieved which was the highest removal rate in Chromium. The removal rate in combination was at 35 µg/ml where Chromium was totally removed, while over 80 % of Cadmium was removed at 45 µg/ml. For both metals, there was higher removal affinity at 8-16 hours, showing a prolonged biosorption process. This study has shown that S. cerevisiae has great potential for chromium and cadmium removal from Kindirmo, and is a green environmental friendly tool for heavy metal decontamination.

Keywords: Kindirmo, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, chromium, cadmium, biosorption, decontamination

Comparative Evaluation of Phenolic Compound Profiles and Antioxidant Properties of Two Truffle Species (Tuber uncinatum and Tuber brumale)

2026-06-03T05:06:02+00:00

Truffles are valuable macrofungi known for their distinctive aroma and potential bioactive properties. In recent years, attention has increasingly focused on the phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of truffle species for applications in functional foods and nutraceuticals. This study compared the phenolic profiles and antioxidant capacities of methanolic extracts from Tuber uncinatum and Tuber brumale. The total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (FRAP and DPPH assays), and individual phenolic compounds were assessed. Results showed substantial differences between the two species in phenolic composition and antioxidant characteristics. Among the identified phenolic compounds, tyrosol was the dominant component in both species. T. brumale had significantly higher tyrosol content (383.62 ± 6.41 mg/kg DW) than T. uncinatum (115.88 ± 3.48 mg/kg DW). In contrast, (+)-catechin and chlorogenic acid were detected only in T. uncinatum, at 18.55 ± 0.29 and 2.07 ± 0.05 mg/kg DW, respectively. Oleuropein and 3-hydroxytyrosol were markedly higher in T. uncinatum, whereas syringic acid was comparatively higher in T. brumale. T. brumale exhibited higher FRAP (30.31 ± 1.19 mg TE/g DW), DPPH (38.30 ± 0.74 mg TE/g DW), and TPC (27.89 ± 0.87 mg GAE/g DW) than T. uncinatum (FRAP: 24.70 ± 1.14 mg TE/g DW, DPPH: 32.16 ± 0.99 mg TE/g DW, and TPC: 16.71 ± 0.66 mg GAE/g DW). The elevated antioxidant capacity of T. brumale may be associated with its substantially higher tyrosol concentration and overall phenolic content. Overall, the findings demonstrate that both truffle species are important sources of phenolic compounds with notable antioxidant potential. In particular, T. brumale showed promising antioxidant characteristics, whereas T. uncinatum exhibited a more diverse phenolic profile.

Water Source Types as Drivers of Asset Accumulation Trajectories Among Pastoralist Households in Semi-Arid areas of Monduli District Tanzania

2026-06-03T04:59:06+00:00

This study examined the association between livestock drinking water source types and household asset ownership among pastoralist households in semi-arid areas of Monduli District, Tanzania. Specifically, the study assessed how reliance on improved and unimproved livestock water sources influences household asset accumulation among pastoral communities. A cross-sectional research design was employed, involving 367 pastoralist households selected from Makuyuni and Moita wards. Quantitative data were collected using household surveys and field observations. A household asset index was constructed using tetrachoric Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and households were categorized into low, medium, and high asset ownership groups. A generalized ordered logit model was applied to examine the association between livestock water source types and household asset ownership. The findings revealed that households relying on improved livestock water sources were less likely to belong to higher asset ownership categories compared to households using unimproved water sources. The results suggest that wealthier pastoralists benefit from flexible access to dispersed natural water sources that support livestock mobility and extensive grazing strategies. Household income positively influenced asset ownership, while off-farm income was negatively associated with higher asset groups, indicating its role as a coping strategy among poorer households. The study concludes that livestock water access and pastoral mobility jointly shape household asset accumulation. Therefore, pastoral development interventions should integrate water planning with mobility support and rangeland management strategies.

Malaysia RSM-Optimized Spray-Dried Microencapsulated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LP-RB5: Enhanced In-Vitro Survivability and Storage Stability

2026-06-03T04:59:21+00:00

Abstract

This study aims to optimize microencapsulation of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LP-RB5) and with maltodextrin using spray drying. The microencapsulation efficiency of LP-RB5 was significantly affected by probiotic concentration, wall material content, and inlet air temperature. The response surface methodological-based optimal microencapsulation parameters were 31% probiotic concentration, 18% maltodextrin, and spray drying conditions with an inlet air drying temperature of 147 °C, feed flow rate (10 mL/min), and an outlet air temperature of 90 °C. The impact of microencapsulation on encapsulation efficiency, physicochemical properties of microcapsules, and cell survivability in simulated gastrointestinal digestion during six-month storage were evaluated. The findings revealed that LP-RB5 cells encapsulated with maltodextrin in a 1.5:1 (w/w) core-to-wall ratio offered the highest yield (28.53%) and encapsulation efficiency (88.38%). The optimized LP-RB5 powder demonstrated final viability (9 Log₁₀ CFU/g), microbial reduction (1.3 Log₁₀ CFU/g), 4.56% moisture content, 0.29 a_wwater activity, and 94.72% water solubility index. Scanning electron microscope observations of LP-RB5 and LP-8014 powders possessed smooth and dent spherical microcapsule morphologies with uniform particle sizes (D_[3,2])=28.77 and 29.40 μm, respectively. L. plantarum cells in LP-RB5 had a survival rate of 80.11% during digestion and 93% after storage at freezer and chiller temperatures, indicating better survivability and stability. Understanding the survivability of microencapsulated LP-RB5 under these circumstances is crucial for assessing its potential as a functional ingredient in food and nutraceutical products.

Keywords: Microencapsulation, spray-dried powder, morphological characterization, SEM, microbial stability, cell viability.

The use of allelic variants of seed storage proteins in the production of sunflower parental lines

2026-06-03T05:07:22+00:00

The effectiveness of heterosis-based sunflower breeding is significantly enhanced when evaluating and developing lines and hybrids by selecting plants based on allelic variants of the electrophoretic spectra of seed storage proteins. The selection of plants based on allelic variants in the experiments was carried out using the method of electrophoresis of sunflower seed reserve proteins, as described by A. F. Popereya (Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Ukraine). The studies conducted enabled the determination and identification of allelic variants in the electrophoretic patterns of the sunflower genotypes under investigation. During the study, the following loci were identified on electrophoregrams: HEL 1, HEL 2, HEL 3, HEL 4, HEL 5 and HEL 6. The creation of interspecific sunflower hybrids made it possible to expand genetic diversity and isolate genotypes with the new HEL 7, HEL 8, HEL 9 and nk loci. Based on the selection of plants according to protein spectra, new source material and new parental lines: inbred maternal lines and pollen fertility restorer lines with a high level of typicality (99.0–100.0%) were created. The use of new inbred lines in breeding combinations. The identification of sunflower genotypes based on allelic variants of the electrophoretic spectra of sunflower seed storage proteins addresses issues relating to improving the efficiency of plant evaluation and selection, expanding genetic diversity, improving the typicality of parental lines and hybrids, and obtaining parental lines that yield hybrids with high yield potential.

Effect of Different Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents on Chitosan Extraction from Blue Crab Shells (Callinectes sapidus)

2026-06-03T05:02:40+00:00

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have recently attracted considerable attention as environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional extraction systems for chitin and chitosan production. In this study, the effects of different choline chloride-based DES systems on chitosan extraction from blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) shells were investigated. Fructose, ethylene glycol, and urea were used as hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) in combination with choline chloride (ChCl) at a molar ratio of 1:2. Chitin extraction was performed using DES systems, followed by alkaline deacetylation to obtain chitosan. The structural characteristics of the resulting chitosan samples were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the degree of deacetylation (DD) was calculated from characteristic absorption bands. In addition, chitosan yield, deproteinization (DP), and demineralization (DM) efficiencies were determined. FTIR spectra confirmed successful conversion of chitin to chitosan across all DES systems. Characteristic absorption bands corresponding to O–H/N–H stretching, amide groups, and polysaccharide backbone vibrations were clearly observed. ChCl:Fructose exhibited the highest DD value (90.85%), followed by ChCl:E.Glycol (90.53%) and ChCl:Urea (89.82%). ChCl:Fructose also showed the highest chitosan yield (48.60%) and the highest deproteinization efficiency (40.78%). Regarding demineralization performance, ChCl:Urea showed the highest efficiency (28.62%), followed by ChCl:E.Glycol (26.18%) and ChCl:Fructose (10.30%). The results demonstrated that the chemical nature of the hydrogen bond donor significantly affected the extraction behavior, deacetylation efficiency, and physicochemical properties of the resulting chitosan. Among the evaluated systems, the fructose-based DES showed the most balanced extraction performance due to its high DD, chitosan yield, and deproteinization efficiency.

Assessment of Frost Damage in Walnut Orchards in Kaman District, Kırşehir Province, Following the Extreme Cold Wave Experienced in Turkey in 2025

2026-06-03T05:02:48+00:00

This study was conducted in Kaman, the largest district of Kırşehir province (Türkiye) by surface area, located between 39°21′ N latitude and 33°43′ E longitude. Walnut cultivation, which plays a pivotal role in the regional economy, is highly vulnerable to late spring frosts. Frost events occurring during the spring period cause severe yield losses by damaging the male and female flowers, as well as the young shoots of walnut trees. Within the scope of this study, the impacts of the severe frost event that occurred in the walnut orchards of Kaman district in the spring of 2025 were investigated. Extensive field observations and orchard examinations were carried out to determine the extent of frost damage on the male flowers, female flowers, and terminal buds of walnut trees across different age groups. Additionally, the elevation, slope, and aspect characteristics of the sampling sites were evaluated using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The results revealed that frost damage was predominantly intensified during the flowering period and varied significantly among orchards depending on topographical features. Notably, in the orchard coded G40, located at an elevation of approximately 980 m, renewed shoot development and limited fruit formation were observed following the frost event. The outcomes of this study are expected to contribute to frost risk assessment and optimal orchard site selection for sustainable walnut cultivation in the region.

GROWTH, BLOOD AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN BROILERS FED AFLATOXIN

2026-06-03T05:03:00+00:00

Aflatoxins are lethal secondary products that have negative influences on growth, health, and organ functioning of broiler chickens, especially in diets based on maize. This study was focused on the protective effect of activated charcoal against the toxicity of aflatoxins on broilers. A total of one hundred one-day-old Arbor Acres chicks were randomly allocated to five diet treatments based on T1: basal control diet, and T2-T5: basal diet with supplementation of aflatoxin, 200 ppb, activated charcoal, 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0%. At day 42, blood samples would be taken to assess serum biochemical and haematological parameters, and 6 birds would be euthanised to evaluate the liver and kidney histopathology. Biochemistry of serum did not have any significant differences (P > 0.05) between ALT (2.93-6.48 IU /L), total protein (2.97-3.65 g/dL), albumin (0.87-1.27 g/dL), cholesterol (108.86-138.79 mg/dL), glucose (132.61-148.11 mg/dL), or calcium (8.94-9.47 mg/dL). AST levels showed tremendous disparities in comparison with treatments, and HDL, LDL, uric acid, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, and phosphorus showed significant (P 0.05) alterations, which is suggestive of a dose-dependent physiological reaction to activated charcoal. This did not significantly affect haematological indices such as packed cell volume (28.83-32.83 %), haemoglobin (9.27-10.62%), and red blood cell count (2.9–3.34×10⁶/µL). The count of white blood cells ranged between 15.36 - 17.83 x 10⁹/µL, platelets between 13.52 - 16.80 x 10³, and lymphocyte percentages were highest in T5 (65.17%) and lowest in T4(59.33%). Dose-dependent hepatic and renal lesions were observed by histopathology with moderate degeneration in 1.0 percent charcoal (T3) and almost all tissue being preserved in 2.0 percent (T5), as in the control group. The results show that the protective effect on the negative effects of aflatoxin-contaminated diets is induced by the addition of activated charcoal to the food and reduces the negative effects on broiler chicken growth, physiological indices, and protein integrity. Maximum charcoal supplementation improves resistance to aflatoxicosis and promotes the health of poultry in polluted feeding environments.

Keywords: Aflatoxin, Broiler chicken, Activated charcoal, Growth performance, Histopathology, Serum biochemistry.

Effect of Abiotic Stress Conditions on Alkaloid Metabolism: A Bibliometric Analysis

2026-06-03T05:03:36+00:00

Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites that play essential roles in plant defense, stress adaptation and pharmaceutical applications. Increasing climatic variability has intensified the exposure of plants to abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, temperature extremes and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, thereby influencing alkaloid biosynthesis and accumulation. This study aimed to synthesize current knowledge on the physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms regulating alkaloid metabolism under abiotic stress. While, providing a comprehensive bibliometric assessment of global research trends in this field. A systematic bibliometric analysis was conducted using the Web of Science Core Collection database and the retrieved records were analyzed through VOSviewer to evaluate publication trends, leading contributors, collaboration networks and emerging research themes. The findings revealed that abiotic stresses significantly alter alkaloid metabolism through phytohormonal signaling, transcriptional regulation and metabolic reprogramming. Key stress-responsive pathways involving jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, reactive oxygen species and transcription factors such as AP2/ERF, WRKY and MYB were identified as major regulators of alkaloid biosynthesis. Bibliometric analysis demonstrated a substantial increase in research output over recent decades, with China and the United States emerging as the most productive countries. The Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Agricultural University and the University of Calgary were among the leading research institutions. Industrial Crops and Products, Molecules and Plant Physiology were identified as influential journals. While, Elsevier dominated as the leading publisher in this research domain. Keyword analysis highlighted a shift from fundamental alkaloid biosynthesis studies toward climate resilience, stress adaptation and multi-omics approaches. Future research should integrate genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, artificial intelligence and genome-editing technologies to accelerate the development of climate-resilient medicinal plants with stable alkaloid profiles under changing environmental conditions.

Technology in Dairy Cattle Farming: Automated Milking Systems, Internet of Things, and Artificial Intelligence

2026-06-03T05:03:58+00:00

Global milk production has reached 965.7 million tons as of 2023. Dairy farming is dealing with multiple pressures at the same time. These primarily include labor shortages, tightening animal welfare regulations, and environmental targets. In the table of identified goals, advanced technologies such as automatic milking systems (AMS), Internet of Things (IoT) sensor networks, and artificial intelligence (AI) stand out in this field. AMS has been reported in many studies to increase milk yield per cow by 5–15% and to raise the milking frequency. The impact on milk quality, however, varies more with management conditions than with technology. While IoT enables real-time herd tracking, infrastructure inadequacies and data fragmentation in rural areas render much of this potential ineffective. AI is rapidly advancing in disease detection, production forecasting, and genomic breeding, but the shortcoming in this field does not seem to be capacity, but rather the inability of closed platforms to communicate with each other. The welfare aspect of all this is still under-researched for both animals and farmers. For the improvement of this sector, long-term sustainability assessments, open data standards, and innovations to make these technologies accessible to small producers are needed. If the sector remains under the dominance of large enterprises, while some of the industry's problems are solved, the deepening of inequality will continue.

Reproductive behavior in peafowl

2026-06-03T05:07:25+00:00

The reproductive behavior of peafowl is one of the most striking examples of sexual selection rituals, unlike those observed in other animals. The long, brightly colored, and patterned tail feathers of male peacocks are not only a physical characteristic but also a significant interaction tool in the selection of female mates. During the breeding season, male peacocks perform a spectacular courtship dance, fanning and vibrating their brightly colored and magnificent tail feathers to attract females. Female birds choose their mates based on this visual spectacle and vocalizations. This behavior affects not only the reproductive success of individuals but also the genetic structure and evolutionary development of the species. During this period, when females actively participate in mate selection, significant competition arises among males, and the process concludes with the selection of the highest-performing males. This study examines the fundamental characteristics of reproductive behavior in peafowl, courtship mechanisms, female selection, and the evolutionary significance of these behaviors.

EFFECT OF HEALTHCARE ACCESS ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF RURAL FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN YEWA SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA

2026-06-03T05:09:41+00:00

In rural farming communities, poor health and inadequate access to quality healthcare services remain major constraints to sustained agricultural productivity. This study investigates the effect of healthcare access on the productivity of rural farmers in Yewa South Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria. The study adopts a multistage sampling technique to select 120 respondents, with data collected through structured questionnaires. Both descriptive statistics and regression analysis were employed to analyze the data. Findings reveal that average age, education, household size, farm size and experience were 50years, 7 years, 4, 3ha and 17years respectively. Access to healthcare services has a statistically significant impact on farm productivity. Specifically, variables such as availability of a health facility (p<0.010) distance to the health facility (p<0.005) travel time to reach the health facility (p<0.010), age of the farmer (p<0.001), household size (p<0.005) and farming experience (p<0.001) were found to influence productivity levels. Farmers with good access to healthcare indicated fewer sick days, higher work efficiency, and better farm output, while those with limited access experienced more frequent illness-related disruptions. The study concludes that agricultural productivity among rural farming households in Ogun State is profoundly shaped by an intricate interplay of internal socioeconomic capacity and external healthcare access constraints. The study recommends that government and relevant stakeholders must prioritize improving the structural and functional quality of public rural health facilities by recruiting adequate personnel, procuring modern equipment, and ensuring a stable supply of essential medications.

Investigation of the Antiapoptotic Effects of Tofacitinib in C6 Glioma Cells Exposed to Oxidative Stress

2026-06-03T05:05:48+00:00

This study aimed to investigate the potential antiapoptotic and cell-protective effects of tofacitinib in C6 glioma cells damaged by oxidative stress. The C6 glioma cell line was used in this study. Hydrogen peroxide was applied to the cells to induce oxidative stress. The cells were divided into 6 groups to receive control, H₂O₂, 100 nM tofacitinib, 50 nM tofacitinib, 25 nM tofacitinib, and 12.5 nM tofacitinib. The protective effect of tofacitinib application on cell viability and its effects on apoptotic processes were evaluated. Cell viability analyses were performed under a microscope, and caspase-3 expression was examined using immunofluorescence. Simultaneously, oxidative stress response was evaluated by measuring total oxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) levels.

Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test, with a p<0.05 value considered significant.

While H₂O₂ applied to the cells caused oxidative damage and apoptosis in the cell line, it was observed that cell viability was maintained and caspase-3 expression decreased in the groups treated with tofacitinib. Furthermore, a decrease in TOS levels and an increase in TAS levels were detected. These findings suggest that tofacitinib may reduce oxidative stress-related damage and have an anti-apoptotic effect.Tofacitinib was observed to suppress stress in c6 glioma cells subjected to hydrogen peroxide stress, preserving viability, and this is thought to be effective via an anti-apoptotic pathway. The findings indicate that tofacitinib may have neuroprotective effects in addition to its primary anti-inflammatory use.

Determination Of The Effect Of Silicon, Mycorrhiza And Phosphorus Bacteria Application On Increasing Phosphorus Utilization Efficiency And Stem Resistance in Sunflower(Helianthus annuus)

2026-06-03T05:12:00+00:00

Today, the intensive use of chemical fertilizers causes various environmental problems. Inoculation of microbial preparations as an alternative to chemical fertilizers to plants can be an effective method for sustainable production efforts. Silicon application shows potential to increase nutrient uptake by roots and nutrient availability in the rhizosphere through complex mechanisms, can increase P availability in the soil. In this study, the effects of silicon application and inoculation of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and mycorrhiza on sunflower plant growth and phosphorus utilization efficiency were investigated. Sunflower Seed, Glomus etunicatum, mycorrhiza complex and with P bacteria were inoculated. Si application was also made at doses of 0-30-60 kg/da. The experiment was terminated when 50% of the flowers bloomed. According to the results, average plant height, flower wet and dry weights showed significant differences with Si treatments, Si with mycorrhiza and P bacteria treatments. 30 Si kg/ha dose had more positive effects on plant growth. The triple interaction had a positive effect on improving the P utilization efficiency of sunflower.

The Role of Mycorrhiza and Sulfur Application on Growth Parameters and Yield of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Plant

2026-06-03T05:09:55+00:00

Beans are a widely consumed crop due to high nutritional value and plant protein content.

Konya accounts for approximately 19.9% of Türkiye's dry bean production, making it the leading producer in the country. In Konya's calcareous soils, due to the high soil pH, the uptake of some nutrient elements by the bean plant is partially inhibited. Especially elements such as phosphorus, zinc, and iron may need to be applied as fertilizers. Mycorrhizae that infect plant roots take up nutrients such as P, Ca, K, Fe, and Zn from the soil and transfer them to the plant, while also promoting water uptake and plant growth. They increase plant resistance to stress conditions that negatively affect the plant and also reduce the demand for chemical fertilizers. In this study, bean plants were inoculated mycorrhizal spores isolated from nature and than were applied with different doses of sulfur fertilizer. The combined effect of mycorrhiza and sulfur on plant growth and development parameters in bean plants grown under field conditions was investigated. In the study, elemental powdered sulfur (100% S) was applied to the prepared plots at a control and 80 kg S/da dose before the experiment was established. Natural mycorrhizal spores were also applied to the seedbed at a rate of 1000 mycorrhizal spores/plant during seed sowing. The experiment was completed by harvesting when capsule formation. At the end of the experiment, yield per plant, total yield, and sulfur and phosphorus concentarations in the bean leaf and bean crop were measured. According to the results, the application of natural mycorrhiza increased the amount of sulfur (kg/da) taken up from the soil by the beans compared to the control. Bean sulfur uptake was higher in the case without sulfur application compared to the sulfur application. Sulfur uptake efficiency was also positively affected by mycorrhiza application.

Use of Natural Antioxidants in Edible Films and Coatings

2026-06-03T05:16:51+00:00

The creation of edible films and coatings containing natural antioxidants has drawn more attention due to the rising demand for safe, sustainable, and minimally processed foods. These biodegradable films are made of lipids, proteins, and polysaccharides, act as barriers to improve food quality and increase shelf life. Natural antioxidants made from plant extracts, essential oils, herbs, and spices, are becoming more popular than synthetic antioxidants because of their safety, biocompatibility, and consumer acceptability. High concentration of polyphenols, flavones, glycosides, tannins, and flavonoids, are derived from number of herbal extracts, which acts as good antioxidants. These antioxidants aid in lowering lipid oxidation, postponing microbiological deterioration, maintaining sensory qualities, and preserving food items' nutritional value when added to edible films and coatings. All things considered, adding natural antioxidants to edible films and coatings is a sustainable and practical way to enhance food preservation and lessen dependency on synthetic packaging materials.

THE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON GROWTH, SURVIVAL AND BURST-ESCAPE PERFORMANCES OFHE EUROPEAN LOBSTER (HOMARUS GAMMARUS) REARED IN A ROTATIONAL CULTURE SYSTEM

2026-06-03T05:12:20+00:00

The present study examines the effects of varying levels of exercise on the growth, survival and burst-escape responses of 8 months-old juvenile lobsters. For this purpose, lobsters were cultured in custom-built rotating cylindrical compartments at 2 rpm. The diameter of each cylindrical compartment was 5.20 cm corresponding to a circumference of 21.20 cm. A non-moving conventional, rectangular container (5x7 cm) for juvenile lobster grow-out was also used as a control. Four different treatments were established to determine the effects of exercise duration: 0, 6, 12, and 24h. The daily distance covered by 6, 12 and 24h treatments were 15.26, 30.53 and 61.01 meters respectively. The mean initial weight of juvenile lobsters was 0.557 g. All lobsters were fed a frozen crustacean-based diet at 30% of body weight once a day. The trial lasted for 90 days. Burst-escape response of juvenile lobsters was determined using a custom-build rectangular flume incorporating a dummy lobster as a threat stimulus and response duration was recorded as an indicator of burst-escape capacity. The final mean wet weight for 0, 6, 12, and 24h treatments were 3.166, 3.046, 3.084 and 3.170 g, respectively, with no significant differences between treatments. The final mean wet weight of the rectangular control group was 2.107 g, which was significantly lower than those of treatments carried out in cylindrical compartments. Survival did not change among treatments and was 100%. In contrast, burst escape response of juvenile lobsters declined progressively with increasing exercise duration. Mean burst-escape response durations decreased from 22.5 s in the static cylindrical group to 21.4 s, 19.5 s, and 17.6 s in the 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h rotation treatments, respectively. Juvenile lobsters exposed to prolonged daily rotation exhibited reduced capacity to sustain repeated escape responses when challenged with a simulated predator stimulus, suggesting that rotational activity may compromise anaerobic escape performance. Overall, the results indicate that cylindrical rearing systems significantly improve juvenile lobster growth performance relative to conventional compartment designs, while prolonged rotational conditioning may negatively affect burst-escape capacity. The study highlights a potential trade-off between culture-system hydrodynamics and escape-related locomotor performance in juvenile lobsters.

Phytotherapeutic Agents and Musculoskeletal Health: A Bibliometric Analysis of Global Research Trends (2000–2025)

2026-06-03T05:12:12+00:00

Musculoskeletal disorders rank among the leading causes of disability worldwide, and interest in phytotherapeutic approaches to their management has grown substantially over the past two decades. This study aimed to characterise the global scientific output on this topic using bibliometric methods. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in the Scopus database on 31 May 2026, using a Boolean string combining phytotherapy-related terms (phytotherapy, "herbal medicine", ethnopharmacology, "medicinal plant", phytomedicine, "traditional medicine") with musculoskeletal condition terms (musculoskeletal, osteoarthritis, "rheumatoid arthritis", "low back pain", fibromyalgia, rehabilitation), restricted to original research articles in English published between 2000 and 2025. A total of 3,032 articles were retrieved from 1,052 journals, accumulating 76,827 citations (mean: 25.34; H-index: 107). Annual output grew from 20 articles in 2000 to 262 in 2025. China was the most productive country (n=804), followed by India (n=403) and South Korea (n=348); Turkey ranked 20th with 36 publications. The Journal of Ethnopharmacology dominated journal rankings (n=295). Ha In-Hyuk (South Korea) was the most prolific author (n=43). Ginger (n=176), curcumin/turmeric (n=147), and nettle (n=92) were the most frequently studied phytotherapeutic agents. Keyword analysis identified four thematic clusters: Korean medicine and acupuncture; traditional Chinese medicine and complementary medicine; pain and osteoarthritis; and ethnobotany and traditional knowledge. Research on phytotherapy and musculoskeletal health has grown steadily but remains geographically concentrated in East Asia. Turkey, despite its rich endemic flora, has made a limited contribution to this body of literature, representing a significant opportunity for future research.

Evaluation of Nutrient Status and Cation Balance in Wheat Cultivated on Serpentine-Derived Soils

2026-06-03T05:34:43+00:00

Serpentine soils are derived from the serpentinization of ultramafic parent materials and are characterized by distinctive chemical and physical properties. The combined stress conditions imposed on plants growing in these soils are commonly known as the “serpentine problem.” The present study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional status of wheat cultivated on serpentine-derived soils and to investigate soil–plant relationships. A total of 15 soil and plant samples were collected from serpentine-origin agricultural fields located in the İslâhiye–Nurdağı region. Selected macro- and micronutrients together with several basic soil properties were determined in soil samples, whereas nutrient element analyses were performed in plant samples. The obtained data were further evaluated to assess the effects of soil–plant relationships and cation ratios on wheat nutrition. The soils of the study area were generally characterized as neutral to slightly alkaline, low in lime content, and non-saline. Soil analyses revealed high exchangeable Mg concentrations, whereas Ca levels were comparatively lower. In addition, available P and exchangeable K concentrations were determined to be above sufficiency levels. Mean concentrations were 37.2 mg kg⁻¹ for P, 239.67 mg kg⁻¹ for K, 558 mg kg⁻¹ for Ca, and 2615 mg kg⁻¹ for Mg. The average Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn concentrations in soils were determined as 25.67, 0.95, 1.89, and 3.79 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Soil Ni concentrations ranged between 14.88 and 112.06 mg kg⁻¹, confirming the characteristic accumulation of Mg and Ni in serpentine soils. Ni concentrations ranged between 14.88 and 112.06 mg kg⁻¹, confirming the characteristic accumulation of Mg and Ni in serpentine soils. Evaluation of cation ratios demonstrated that low Ca/Mg and high Mg/K ratios reflected a pronounced cation imbalance. Plant analyses indicated that the average N, P, and K concentrations in wheat were 4.38%, 0.37%, and 2.07%, respectively. In contrast, plant Ca concentrations were relatively low (0.02–0.13%), whereas the average Mg concentration was determined as 0.33%. Micronutrient concentrations were generally within sufficiency ranges. Evaluation of soil and plant data revealed a negative correlation between soil Mg/K ratio and plant K concentration, while elevated Mg levels were also associated with plant Ca and K nutrition. Overall, the findings demonstrated that Mg dominance in serpentine soils induces cation antagonism, thereby adversely affecting particularly Ca and K nutrition in wheat.

Novel approaches to the packaging technologies in meat products

2026-06-03T05:17:12+00:00

Packaging is essential for preserving food safety and quality, and innovations in active packaging, especially antimicrobial packaging, enable the active suppression or elimination of spoilage-causing bacteria, thereby extending the product's shelf life. This work aims to elucidate several packaging technologies for beef products. Active packaging methods incorporate functional elements such as antioxidants and antimicrobials to prevent oxidative deterioration and microbial proliferation. Time and temperature indicators, gas sensors, and pH-sensitive films exhibit smart packaging technologies that provide real-time monitoring of meat quality and freshness, delivering essential information throughout the supply chain. Furthermore, digital technology, encompassing biosensors and QR codes, enhances traceability and transparency. Recent breakthroughs in nanotechnology have enhanced the mechanical durability and insulating properties of packaging materials, while also imparting antibacterial activity. Despite the significant development the packaging industry has witnessed with modern technology, high costs remain a challenge.

Rhizobacterial Strategies for Abiotic Stress Mitigation: From Molecular Mechanisms to Precision Microbiome Management

2026-06-03T05:14:11+00:00

Global food security faces continuous pressure from abiotic stresses induced from climate change, for instance, drought, salinity, heat, and waterlogging. Therefore, crop productivity is suppressed, and agricultural systems become vulnerable worldwide. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are biological agents that can mitigate these effects through molecularly diverse mechanisms, including biological nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, phytohormone biosynthesis, ACC deaminase-mediated ethylene modulation, induction of systemic resistance, antioxidant enzyme upregulation, and osmoregulatory adaptation. This review critically synthesizes PGPR-mediated stress tolerance and evaluates microbiome engineering as tools for enhancing rhizosphere functionality under stressed climate. Beyond their well-known role as biofertilizers, PGPR can act as an intelligent biological component, which is integrable within digital farming frameworks. Introduction of PGPR within major cropping systems, including rice, wheat, maize, legumes, and horticultural crops, are assessed alongside synergistic combinations with biochar, nanoparticles, and organic amendments. Major barriers, namely inconsistent field performance, instable formulation, regulatory constraints, and limited data infrastructure in developing countries are critically examined. Future research priorities include AI-guided microbiome engineering, CRISPR-based strain optimization, and integration of PGPR within circular bioeconomy models. This review establishes a comprehensive framework for adopting PGPR within next-generation, digitally enabled, climate-resilient agricultural systems.

Physiological and Hepatic Responses of Broiler Chickens to Graded Levels of Dietary Dried Orange Pulp

2026-06-03T05:18:24+00:00

Abstract

Due to the rapid growth rate and intensive feeding systems in modern poultry production, the liver is particularly susceptible to metabolic and pathological alterations. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary incorporation of dried orange pulp (DOP) on physiological responses in broiler chickens, with particular emphasis on hepatic health. The assessment was based on selected blood biochemical parameters, including glucose, total proteins, triglycerides, cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK), which reflect metabolic status and liver function under nutritional and physiological stress conditions.

A total of 200 one-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chickens (45 ± 1.7 g) were randomly allocated into four dietary groups, each consisting of 50 birds with five replicates of 10 birds, and reared for 49 days. The dietary treatments included a control diet without DOP and three experimental diets in which corn was partially replaced with DOP at inclusion levels of 5%, 10%, and 15%. Blood samples were collected at 49 days of age for biochemical analysis.

Results indicated that dietary DOP significantly affected serum biochemical parameters (p < 0.05). Birds fed DOP diets exhibited significantly reduced triglycerides and total cholesterol compared to the control group. Glucose and total protein levels increased significantly with increasing DOP inclusion, particularly at 15%. Moreover, AST and ALT activities were significantly lower in DOP-supplemented groups, with the most marked improvement observed at the 10% inclusion level. Similarly, LDH and CK activities were significantly reduced in the 10% DOP group, indicating improved metabolic efficiency and hepatic status.

Overall, dietary DOP positively modulated the serum biochemical profile of broiler chickens, with 10% inclusion yielding the most favorable effects. These results suggest improved liver function, enhanced metabolic stability, and better physiological welfare under intensive rearing conditions.

Keywords: Dried orange pulp, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase.

Comparative Physicochemical Assessment of Stored Algerian and Imported Soft Wheat Varieties (Triticum aestivum L.) Prior to Milling

2026-06-03T05:14:43+00:00

Abstract

Wheat quality is a critical factor influencing its technological performance, nutritional value, and suitability for processing. In Algeria, both local and imported soft wheat varieties are commonly used, and their quality may be significantly affected by post-harvest handling and storage conditions. The present study aimed to compare three stored soft wheat varieties, including two Algerian local varieties and one imported variety, with respect to their main physicochemical properties, namely protein content, moisture level, water activity, lipid content, specific weight, and thousand-kernel weight, before milling.

Ninety representative samples (1 kg each) were collected from three storage silos, with thirty samples corresponding to each wheat variety. The samples were thoroughly homogenized to ensure uniformity and reduce intra-sample variability prior to physicochemical analyses. Data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to evaluate the effect of wheat variety on the measured parameters.

Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed among the studied varieties for most evaluated traits. Protein content varied significantly between varieties (p < 0.01), with the imported variety exhibiting a protein level approximately 45% lower than those of the local genotypes. Moisture content and water activity also differed significantly among samples (p < 0.05), reflecting variability in storage behavior and grain stability. Likewise, lipid content showed significant variation (p < 0.05), with the imported variety presenting an increase of more than 44% compared to the Ain Abid 01 variety. In contrast, specific weight and thousand-kernel weight did not show significant statistical differences among the studied varieties (p > 0.05).

Overall, the Algerian local varieties exhibited competitive physicochemical characteristics compared to the imported wheat, highlighting their potential for valorization within local food systems.

Keywords

Soft wheat, Triticum aestivum, protein content, water activity, and lipid content, milling.

A Review on Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b in Mammals: Molecular Adaptation, Host Range Expansion, and One Health Implications

2026-06-03T05:22:23+00:00

Influenza A virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b has caused the largest highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) panzootic on record, infecting over 175 million poultry globally and spilling over into more than 60 mammalian species. The establishment of reassortant genotype B3.13 in US dairy cattle from March 2024, with 1,093 confirmed herds across 19 states by April 2026, is the first sustained HPAI transmission in a domestic ruminant and defines the pandemic risk landscape of the current era. Two mechanistically independent adaptive axes drive bovine fitness in B3.13. The polymerase axis, encompassing PB2 M631L and PA K497R, remodels the viral replication complex to exploit host-specific ANP32A isoforms. The receptor axis, driven by hemagglutinin (HA) mutations D104G and V147M, enables efficient recognition of N-glycolylneuraminic acid, which comprises approximately half the sialic acid pool in bovine mammary tissue but is absent in humans. Crystallographic analysis has established that a single Q226L substitution in the HA receptor-binding site of a human clinical isolate of bovine H5N1 is sufficient to switch its receptor specificity from avian-type to human-type receptors, identifying this position as the highest-priority genomic surveillance target. Three pandemic barriers remain intact as of early 2026: B3.13 retains avian-type receptor preference, an elevated HA fusion pH, and full nucleoprotein (NP) sensitivity to human MxA restriction. Even so, partial ferret respiratory-droplet transmission, over 70 confirmed human cases, including the first US pediatric case, the emergence of a baloxavir-resistant clinical isolate, and ongoing convergent molecular evolution collectively define a pandemic risk level higher than any prior point in H5N1 history. Integrated One Health action combining mandatory bulk-milk genomics, wastewater surveillance, systematic wildlife serosurveillance, and accelerated ruminant mRNA vaccination is urgently required.

The Effects of Oral Probiotic Supplementation on Liver Enzyme Activities (ALP, ALT, AST, and GGT) and Serum Magnesium and Phosphorus Concentrations in Cats Infected with Feline Panleukopenia Virus (FPV)

2026-06-03T05:24:40+00:00

Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is one of the most important viral infections in cats due to its high contagiousness and severe clinical course, particularly in young animals. This DNA virus, belonging to the Parvoviridae family, is highly resistant to environmental conditions, which facilitates the rapid spread of the infection within cat populations. The disease primarily causes severe clinical manifestations in unvaccinated, young, or immunocompromised cats and is associated with high mortality rates.

The main clinical signs observed in feline panleukopenia infection include anorexia, depression, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, and hyperthermia. Severe gastrointestinal losses that develop during the course of infection affect not only the hematological system but also biochemical homeostasis. Fluid and electrolyte losses resulting from vomiting and diarrhea may lead to metabolic disturbances. In addition, systemic inflammation and circulatory disorders may impair liver function, resulting in alterations in serum liver parameters.

In this study, 18 cats infected with FPV were used and randomly assigned to either a Control group (n = 9) or an Experimental group (n = 9). While animals in the Control group received routine FPV treatment, cats in the Experimental group received routine FPV treatment plus oral probiotic supplementation for five days. Blood samples were collected from the cats before and after treatment, and the effects on serum liver enzymes, including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), as well as magnesium (Mg) and phosphorus (P) levels, were investigated.

Statistical evaluation of the results revealed that before treatment, only the phosphorus (P) parameter was significantly higher in the Control group (P < 0.05), whereas all other parameters were similar between the groups (P > 0.05). Following treatment, ALP and Mg levels were found to be significantly lower in the Experimental group (P < 0.05), while the remaining parameters did not differ significantly between the two groups (P > 0.05).

In Vitro and In Silico Prediction of Syringic Acid, a Cichorium intybus-Derived Ligand, as a Potential Antimicrobial Scaffold and Adjuvant Enhancing β-Lactam Susceptibility in Multidrug- Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

2026-06-03T05:24:48+00:00

The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus has created an urgent need for novel antimicrobial agents with improved pharmacological and safety profiles. The present study integrated in vitro antibacterial screening with comprehensive in silico molecular profiling to evaluate the therapeutic potential of Cichorium intybus-derived phytochemicals (CI-1 to CI-11) against MDR S. aureus. Among the medicinal plant extracts, ethanol extract of C. intybus demonstrated the strongest antibacterial activity with a 30 mm inhibition zone and highest antioxidant activity (68%), while Mentha longifolia exhibited 64% antioxidant activity. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of bioactive functional groups including carboxylic acids, aromatic rings, alcohols, ethers, alkenes, and cyclohexyl groups associated with antibacterial potential. Molecular docking analysis revealed that CI-9 exhibited the strongest binding affinity against the selected target protein with a docking score of −11.1 kcal/mol, followed by CI-8 (−10.0 kcal/mol), CI-2 (−8.7 kcal/mol), and CI-5/CI-6 (−8.6 kcal/mol). The conceptual DFT of CI-6, CI-8, and CI-2 demonstrated lower HOMO–LUMO energy gaps, lower hardness, and higher softness values, indicating greater chemical reactivity and potential biological and electrophilicity index (0.7602), while CI-6 emerged as minimum hardness (0.021343) and maximum softness (23.427). PASS prediction further demonstrated that CI-9 possessed the highest predicted antibacterial activity (Pa = 0.677), antioxidant activity (Pa = 0.923), free radical scavenging activity (Pa = 0.988), and antineoplastic activity (Pa = 0.849). However, despite its superior docking affinity and biological activity, CI-9 demonstrated poor drug-likeness characteristics due to its very high molecular weight (610.52 g/mol), elevated TPSA (209.43 Å²), low predicted bioavailability (0.17), and multiple Lipinski rule violations, potentially limiting its oral therapeutic applicability. In contrast, CI-11 (syringic acid) exhibited comparatively moderate docking affinity but demonstrated the most balanced physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and safety profile, characterized by favorable membrane permeability, balanced lipophilicity (Log P = 0.99), lower toxicity, excellent bioavailability radar characteristics, and strong drug-likeness properties. ADMET and STOPTOX analyses further identified CI-10 and CI-11 as the safest ligands, with CI-11 exhibiting 80% non-sensitization and 90% non-irritation confidence values. Additionally, CI-3 and CI-7 demonstrated the highest predicted bioavailability scores (0.85), whereas CI-1 showed the highest intestinal absorption (94.35%).

Conclusion, CI-9 may represent the biologically strongest antibacterial ligand, whereas CI-11 appears to be the most promising and safest lead compound for future anti-S.aureus drug development.

Key words: Therapeutic potential, FTIR, Antibiotic susceptibility, Antioxidant activity Molecular docking

Aynı Yaşta ve Aynı Aşı Programları ile Yetiştirilen Damızlık Ebeveynlerinden, Etlik Civcivlerine Aktarılan Maternal Antikor Seviyesinin Karşılaştırılması

2026-06-03T05:25:15+00:00

Maternal antibody transfer represents the primary protection mechanism for chicks during the early days of life, before their immune system reaches full maturity. The genetic makeup of breeder hens is recognized as a critical determinant of transfer efficiency, yet its influence on local poultry lines remains insufficiently characterized. This study compares maternal antibody levels transferred to offspring between two meat-type breeder genotypes, the commercial Cobb 500 line and the local Turkish line Anadolu-T against four pathogens: NDV, IBV, IBDV, and CAV. Both genotypes were subjected to identical rearing conditions and vaccination protocols. Blood samples were collected from a total of 96 animals: 48 breeder hens aged 62 weeks (24 per genotype) and 48 one-day-old chicks derived from these breeders. Serum antibody levels were measured by ELISA, and geometric mean titre (GMT), seroprotection rate, and maternal transfer rate were calculated. Results showed a 100% seroprotection rate for NDV, IBV, and IBDV in both genotypes. No significant difference was observed between genotypes for NDV. For IBV, Anadolu-T breeders exhibited significantly higher titres (p = 0.04), although this advantage was not significantly reflected in chicks. The most marked difference was observed for IBDV: Anadolu-T displayed substantially higher titres at all physiological stages (p < 0.001) with a higher maternal transfer rate (66.5% vs. 55.4%). Conversely, for CAV, Cobb 500 chicks showed significantly higher titres (p = 0.004) and a markedly superior maternal transfer rate (68.4% vs. 41.6%), despite comparable maternal titre levels. Significant positive correlations between titres against different pathogens suggest the existence of a general maternally transferable immune competence. Kinetic modelling of anti-IBDV antibody decay reveals a three-day shift in optimal vaccination windows between the two genotypes, directly attributable to the higher initial titres of Anadolu-T. These findings demonstrate that breeder genotype constitutes a determining parameter not only for the establishment of passive immunity, but also for the planning of active vaccination programmes.

Influence of harvest time and cultivar type on the β-carotene content and quality of biofortified cassava in Ghana

2026-06-03T05:28:20+00:00

Vitamin A deficiency (VAD), the leading cause of preventable blindness, ranks second to anaemia in terms of global prevalence. Strategies developed to combat VAD include supplementation, food-to-food fortification and biofortification. However, biofortification is highly promising, as it uses staple crops of target populations to enhance intake of this micronutrient. Cassava is a major staple for millions of people worldwide and ranks second to maize as a major source of calories in Ghana and other West African countries. This research seeks to determine the influence of harvest time on the β-carotene content and flour quality four biofortified cassava cultivars (Adom Bankye, Taah bankye, Hewali Duade and Atseke Gbeli) released by the University of Cape Coast, Ghana, through mutagenesis of the IITA yellow cultivar. The five cassava cultivars were planted under standard agronomic practices and harvested after 8, 10, 12 and 14 months. Quality analysis of flours prepared from the cassava including pH, soluble sugars, colour, functional properties, amylose/amylopectin starch fractions and the levels of β-carotene was carried out. The pH of the flours remained fairly ranged 6.78 – 7.42, and was almost changed irrespective of cultivar or harvest time. The β-carotene peaked at the 10^th month of harvest for all cultivars, with Taah Bankye having the highest value among the new cultivars. The yellowness index of the cultivars followed a similar trend to the β-carotene content, establish the fact that the colour of the cassava is mainly influenced by this micronutrient. The functional properties of the flours also varied with cultivar and harvest time, with the highest water absorption and swelling power observed for Hewali Duade and Taah Bankye after 14 and 10 months of harvest time, respectively.

Nanocarrier-Assisted Foliar Applications in RNAi-Based Plant Protection Systems

2026-06-03T12:18:12+00:00

RNA interference (RNAi) is a highly effective gene-silencing mechanism that provides sequence-specific protection in plants against viruses, fungal pathogens, and insect pests. Based on this natural defense system, spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) utilizes the exogenous application of nucleic acid molecules onto plant surfaces to suppress pathogen-derived genes. As this approach does not require the development of transgenic plants, it has emerged as a promising and environmentally friendly strategy for sustainable crop protection. Despite its considerable potential, the practical implementation of SIGS in agriculture remains challenging. The effectiveness of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is often constrained by environmental and physicochemical factors, including rainfall, ultraviolet radiation, temperature fluctuations, enzymatic degradation, and limited retention on leaf surfaces, all of which reduce RNA stability and biological efficacy under field conditions. These limitations represent major barriers to the successful application of RNA-based gene-silencing technologies in crop protection. In recent years, nanoparticle-based delivery systems have gained considerable attention as potential tools to address these challenges by enhancing dsRNA stability, prolonging its persistence on leaf surfaces, and improving its biological activity following application. Nevertheless, the successful implementation of RNA-based crop protection strategies requires a comprehensive understanding of the interactions among nanocarriers, dsRNA molecules, plant surfaces, and environmental factors, together with careful evaluation of their biosafety and agricultural applicability.

Cytotoxic Effects of Apple Peel Extract and Cisplatin Combination on Lung Cancer Cells

2026-06-03T05:28:57+00:00

Lung cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, patient survival rates remain unsatisfactory. The human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 is widely used as an in vitro model in lung cancer research. Cisplatin (Cis), a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent in lung cancer treatment, exhibits strong antitumor activity but is associated with serious side effects. Therefore, plant-derived bioactive compounds have attracted increasing attention for their potential to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents while reducing adverse effects. Apple peel is rich in phenolic compounds, polyphenols, and triterpenes with strong antioxidant properties. Amasya Misket Apple is a geographically indicated local variety known for its unique aroma and bioactive composition. This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effects of the combination of Amasya Misket Apple peel extract obtained via supercritical CO₂ extraction and Cis on the A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cell line. The cytotoxic effects of the extract and Cis were first evaluated separately using the MTT assay, followed by combination treatments. According to the 24 h MTT assay results, dose-dependent cytotoxic effects were observed in the groups treated with the extract and Cis alone, and combination doses were selected based on these findings. Combination treatments significantly reduced cell viability compared with the control group (p < 0.0001). Cell viability decreased to 47% in the 0.1 mg/mL extract + 0.02 mg/mL Cis group (p < 0.0001), 50% in the 0.25 mg/mL extract + 0.01 mg/mL Cis group (p < 0.0001), 45% in the 0.25 mg/mL extract + 0.015 mg/mL Cis group (p < 0.01), and 47% in the 0.5 mg/mL extract + 0.01 mg/mL Cis group (p < 0.01). These findings suggest that Amasya Misket Apple peel extract may enhance the cytotoxic efficacy of Cis in A549 cells.

A Comprehensive Assessment of Fertilization Strategies for Managing Pectobacterium and Dickeya Infections and Their Impacts on Plant Health and Productivity in Tomato

2026-06-03T05:25:56+00:00

Soft rot diseases caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and Dickeya solani represent some of the most destructive bacterial diseases affecting vegetable production worldwide. Their extensive host range, remarkable capacity for tissue maceration, and ability to cause severe pre- and post-harvest losses make them major constraints to sustainable crop production. Furthermore, climate change-associated environmental conditions, particularly elevated temperatures and increased humidity, are expected to enhance pathogen aggressiveness and disease incidence, thereby posing growing threats to crop productivity, food security, and agricultural sustainability. In the present study, the effectiveness of six fertilizer treatments, including organomineral, mineral, micronutrient, organic, and biostimulant-based formulations, was investigated for their ability to suppress soft rot disease development and improve yield-related parameters in tomato plants artificially inoculated with the pathogens. Disease severity assessments revealed substantial reductions in all fertilizer-treated plants compared with the untreated control, with suppression rates reaching 80.92% and 84.27% for P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and D. solani, respectively. Disease severity values under fertilizer applications ranged from 32.13% to 34.29%, whereas significantly higher disease levels were observed in untreated plants. Among the evaluated treatments, micronutrient fertilization exhibited the most promising overall performance by simultaneously reducing disease severity and enhancing yield-associated characteristics. Statistical analyses confirmed that all fertilizer applications significantly decreased disease severity compared with the control treatment (p ≤ 0.05). These findings demonstrate that sustainable fertilization strategies can serve as an effective component of integrated disease management programs by strengthening plant health and enhancing resistance against destructive bacterial pathogens. Beyond their role in disease suppression and yield improvement, such practices contribute to reducing dependence on synthetic chemical inputs, maintaining soil biological functionality, improving resource-use efficiency, and mitigating the environmental impacts of agricultural production. Consequently, the adoption of sustainable fertilization approaches offers a promising pathway toward climate-resilient, environmentally responsible, and economically viable tomato production systems capable of meeting future food security challenges.

İNGİLİZCE POSSIBILITIES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF USING MICROORGANISMS AGAINST ABIOTIC STRESS FACTORS IN GARDEN PLANTS

2026-06-03T05:26:17+00:00

Global climate change has placed increasing pressure on production systems in recent years; In particular, the distribution of garden flowers, which exhibits a high degree of detail, leads to significant yield and quality losses. Climate-related abiotic stress factors such as increasing temperature fluctuations, heat-induced rainfall, drought, salinity, flooding, and heavy metal levels lead to a decrease in the amount of homeostasis in plants, the establishment of photosynthetic activity, and intensified oxidative stress, resulting in a significant metabolic disruption. This situation has made the development of sustainable production models imperative; beneficial organisms, among environmentally friendly biological treatments, have emerged as an important research area in stress management.

This group of systematics is classified by summarizing the possibilities and future potential of using microorganisms against abiotic stress in garden plants. The first part of the article addresses the effects of global climate change on the production systems of garden flowers and the morphological, biochemical, and maintenance disruptions in plant physiology caused by abiotic stresses. Subsequently, a complex and detailed classification of fundamental abiotic stresses such as drought and flood-related water stress, salinity and osmotic stress, thermal stress from high and low temperatures, heavy metal damage, and nutrient imbalances was conducted.

The study also evaluated the stress tolerance of different microbial bacteria such as rhizobacteria (PGPR), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), endophytic microorganisms, and Trichoderma species that support plant growth. In the review, microorganism-induced tolerance loss was addressed within the framework of morphological and visible adaptations, such as root structure, stomatal regulation, water use efficiency, and mineral nutrient uptake. In addition, the contributions of biochemical changes to stress tolerance, such as the accumulation of osmolytes like proline, glycine betaine, and sugars, activation of antioxidant defense performance, and reduction of lipid peroxidation, were evaluated. Specifically, the reduction of stress-induced ethylene levels through ACC deaminase activity, the regulation of ABA and auxin signaling, and the level of changes in the expression of stress response genes such as HSP, ERF, WRKY, and DREB have been indicated. The application-focused section of the article examines stored microbial application examples in vegetable varieties, fruit types, viticulture, and ornamental plants; these effects on yield, quality, and stress tolerance are evaluated. Furthermore, multi-strain microbial consortia, metagenomics and transcriptomics computational omics technologies, nano-formulation systems, and “designer microbiota” methods, which have gained importance in recent years, are discussed within the framework of current literature. However, the reproducibility of laboratory results under field conditions, the effects on microbial colonization in the region, the stability of the formulations, and problems related to the administration of biological preparations are addressed within the scope of existing limitations.

In conclusion, beneficial microorganisms offer sustainable and advanced biological tools for abiotic stress management in horticultural plants under climatic conditions. It is predicted that microbiome engineering will become more effective in this field through AI-powered data analysis and the involvement of regionally specific microbial consortia.

Identification of Soil-Borne Fungal and Bacterial Pathogens in Cabbage Production Areas of Niğde Province

2026-06-03T05:26:02+00:00

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) is an important vegetable species on a global scale, and Türkiye, particularly the Niğde province, ranks among the top regions in white cabbage production. However, soil-borne fungal and bacterial pathogens cause significant yield and quality losses in cabbage production. The aim of this study is the isolation, morphological, and molecular identification of disease-causing soil-borne pathogens in the cabbage production areas of Niğde province. In this context, soil and infected plant samples were collected from cabbage production fields in Kaynarca village of the Bor district. Bacterial isolates were cultured on Nutrient Agar and subjected to pathogenicity tests, and molecular identification was carried out via PCR amplification targeting the 16S rRNA gene region. Fungal isolates were purified on Potato Dextrose Agar, morphologically characterized, and molecular studies targeting the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) regions of ribosomal DNA were initiated. As a result of the morphological, pathogenicity, and molecular analyses of the bacterial isolates, the agent was identified as Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. The morphological characterization of fungal isolates obtained from diseased plant tissues has been completed, and molecular identification studies based on the ITS region are ongoing. This study revealed the presence of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in the cabbage production soils of Niğde province and highlighted the importance of systematic investigations for the determination of soil-borne pathogens in the region.

Detection of Soil-Borne Bacterial Diseases in Potato Cultivation in Niğde Province

2026-06-03T05:26:09+00:00

Potato is a globally important food crop, and Türkiye’s Niğde province has the largest potato cultivation area in the country. However, soil‑borne bacterial diseases including blackleg, soft rot, bacterial wilt, ring rot and common scab cause substantial yield and quality losses, and direct detection of these pathogens from field soils has been rarely performed. This study therefore aimed to isolate and characterize soil‑borne bacterial pathogens from potato production fields in Niğde. Soil samples were collected from symptomatic plant vicinities in Hasaköy, Alay and Altunhisar districts. Soil samples were serially diluted and inoculated onto the nutrient agar to isolate bacteria. A total of 27 morphologically distinct bacterial isolates were obtained. Pathogenicity of the isolates was determined using both a potato disc test and a tobacco hypersensitivity test. Among 21 isolates tested for pathogenicity, ten were positive in both the potato disc test and the tobacco hypersensitivity test. Genomic DNA was extracted from the ten isolates that were positive in both pathogenicity tests, and some of these were identified by 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplification and Sanger sequencing. BLAST analysis identified them as bacterial species belonging to genera commonly associated with potato diseases, including Streptomyces, which is known to cause common scab. The studies are still ongoing. These results demonstrate that diverse soil‑borne bacterial pathogens are present in Niğde’s potato production areas. Therefore, regular soil monitoring and integrated pest management are essential to reduce disease risks and sustain potato production in the region.

Comparison of Wintering Performance of Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.) Colonies in Traditional and Mobile Systems in Niğde Province

2026-06-03T05:37:40+00:00

Mobil arıcılık sistemi ile; nektarlı bitkilerin çiçeklenme dönemlerine göre planlama yapılması ve nektar / polen kaynaklarından optimum fayda sağlayacak konaklama alanlarının kullanılması ile özellikle bal üretiminde önemli mesafe kat edilebileceği görülmektedir. Ancak mobil arıcılık uygulamalarının faydalı bir model olarak değerlendirilebilmesi için; sadece arı ürünleri üretimi için değil, bir zincirin halkaları gibi düşünülmesi gereken “kışlatma” gibi diğer yetiştiricilik periyotları için de uygulanabilir olması elzemdir. Aksi takdirde beklenen işgücü, nakliye, zaman ve verim gibi faktörlerden tasarruf etme potansiyeli azalmaktadır. Bu çalışmada; Niğde ilinde geleneksel ve mobil arıcılık kışlatma uygulamalarının bal arılarının kışlatma dönemindeki performanslarına etkileri karşılaştırılmıştır.

Araştırma kapsamında, Niğde ekolojik koşullarında 10 adet geleneksel (sabit) kovan ve 10 adet mobil sisteme ait çok raflı kovan olmak üzere toplam 20 adet bal arısı (Apis mellifera L.) kolonisi takip edilmiştir. Kolonilerin kışlatma öncesi ve sonrasındaki arılı çerçeve sayıları oranı (%) ile kolonilerin sönme ya da ana arı kaybı (%) durumları üzerinde durulmuştur.

Araştırma sonucunda, her iki kışlatma yönteminde de koloni yaşama gücü 80 % olarak eşit düzeyde tespit edilmiştir. Kışlatma periyodunu başarıyla tamamlayan kolonilerde koloni başına düşen ortalama arılı çerçeve kaybı; geleneksel kışlatma grubunda 1.25 ± 1.16 çerçeve, mobil kışlatma grubunda ise 1.00 ± 1.07 çerçeve olarak hesaplanmıştır. Yapılan istatistiksel analizde, iki kışlatma yöntemi arasındaki popülasyon kaybı farkının anlamlı olmadığı saptanmıştır (P = 0.701). Mobil sistemdeki koloniler kışa sayısal olarak daha az çerçeve sayısı (5.88 ± 1.36 > 5.00 ± 0.93) ile girmelerine rağmen, kışlatma periyodunda geleneksel kovanlar kadar başarılı bir performans sergilemiştir. Sonuç olarak, Niğde ili kış şartlarında mobil arıcılık sisteminin kışlatma periyodunda geleneksel yönteme göre bir dezavantaj yaratmadığı; iş gücü ve lojistik avantajları da göz önüne alındığında sürdürülebilir arıcılık için uygulanabilir ve güvenli bir model olduğu ortaya konmuştur.

ITS2 Metabarcoding and Open Data Approaches in Honey Bee Pollen Research

2026-06-03T05:37:59+00:00

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are among the most important pollinating agents supporting the sustainability of terrestrial ecosystems and agricultural production. Determining the botanical origin of pollen collected by honey bees provides critical information for melissopalynology, pollination biology, colony development, and ecological monitoring studies. Conventional microscopic pollen identification methods have been widely used for many years; however, due to their time-consuming nature and the requirement for advanced expertise in pollen taxonomy, molecular-based identification methods have increasingly been preferred in recent years. In DNA metabarcoding studies, the Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) region has emerged as a powerful molecular marker effectively used for discriminating plant taxa. Large amounts of ITS2 sequence data have accumulated in open-access molecular databases such as NCBI GenBank. Nevertheless, the potential for re-evaluating these open-access datasets in honey bee pollen research and melissopalynological studies has not yet received sufficient attention. Re-analysis of open-access molecular datasets has the potential not only to generate new biological interpretations but also to contribute to reproducible and sustainable scientific research through the re-evaluation of existing data. In this context, interdisciplinary analysis pipelines integrating open-source analytical software workflows, BLAST-based taxonomic matching systems, metabarcoding analysis tools, and network analysis approaches are widely used. This presentation aims to highlight the importance of integrating ITS2 metabarcoding with open-data approaches in honey bee pollen research. For this purpose, a bioinformatic re-evaluation based on the re-analysis of ITS2 datasets obtained from publicly available research data is presented as an example, demonstrating the potential of such approaches for advancing melissopalynological studies through the testing of different hypotheses. The proposed approach is expected to contribute to the molecular identification of bee flora, the evaluation of pollen resources in urban landscapes, and the testing of new hypotheses in pollination research.

Predictive Modeling of Perishable Supply Chains under Infrastructure Constraints: A Comprehensive Review of Data Scarcity, Intermittent Connectivity, and Informal Distribution Integration

2026-06-03T05:34:26+00:00

Perishable food supply chains in developing economies face severe challenges affecting global food security, with post-harvest losses reaching 40% of agricultural produce in India and one-third of agri-fresh products annually. This literature review examines predictive modeling research for supply chains operating under infrastructure constraints, focusing on data scarcity, intermittent connectivity, and informal distribution networks. The review analyzes mathematical optimization, machine learning applications, and integrated decision-support frameworks across diverse geographic contexts where infrastructure deficits create food insecurity rates up to 46.4% in remote communities. A critical finding reveals a significant gap between theoretical modeling advances and practical implementation capabilities. While sophisticated mathematical optimization and machine learning techniques show promising theoretical results, real-world application remains limited due to persistent infrastructure deficits. Inadequate cold chain facilities contribute to massive losses, including 370 million tons of fruits and vegetables deteriorating annually in China alone in 2012. Current research inadequately addresses the complex interplay between formal and informal distribution networks, despite evidence that intermediary syndicates substantially influence market dynamics through price manipulation and artificial scarcity. However, emerging integration strategies demonstrate quantifiable benefits. Documented improvements include transport cost reductions up to 29% and operational savings reaching 78 million BDT through optimized distribution center placement. Advanced hybrid distribution models show that plants can directly meet 63% of mango demand and 53% of jackfruit demand, significantly reducing intermediary reliance. However, there is lack of comprehensive frameworks simultaneously addressing infrastructure limitations, data constraints, connectivity challenges, and informal market dynamics. This review identifies critical theoretical gaps and proposes a research agenda emphasizing context-adaptive modeling approaches, empirical validation methodologies, and holistic integration strategies. The findings contribute to supply chain theory by highlighting the need for paradigm shifts in modeling approaches for resource-constrained environments and establishing priorities for sustainable food system transformation research.

Amiloidojenik Proteinleri Hedef Alan Aptamerler

2026-06-03T05:34:37+00:00

Günümüzde artan ortalama yaşam süresiyle beraber dünya genelinde yaşlı nüfus oranı da artış göstermektedir. Bu demografik değişim, yaşa bağlı gelişen nörodejeneratif hastalıkların insidansında belirgin bir artışı beraberinde getirmiştir. Özellikle Alzheimer ve Parkinson gibi hastalıklar, gerek oluşturdukları sosyo-ekonomik yük gerek hastaların yaşam kalitelerinde yaşanan düşüş nedeniyle küresel bir sağlık sorunu oluşturmaktadır. Bu hastalıkların patofizyolojisi incelendiğinde ortak mekanizmanın, proteinlerin yanlış katlanması ve amiloidojenik özellik kazanarak dokularda birikmesi olduğu görülmektedir. Amiloid-beta, alfa-sinüklein ve prion gibi proteinler, monomerik halden oligomerik ve fibriler yapılara dönüşerek agregasyon oluşturmakta, buna bağlı olarak da nöronal hasarlar ve hücre ölümleri görülmektedir. Mevcut farmakolojik tedaviler, çoğunlukla semptomatik iyileşme sağlamaya yönelik olup hastalığın ilerleyişini durdurmada sınırlı etkinlik göstermektedir. Bir başka farmakolojik yaklaşım olarak sunulan monoklonal antikor temelli immünoterapiler de çeşitli sınırlamalar içermektedir; yüksek üretim maliyetleri, immünojenik reaksiyon riski ve kan-beyin bariyeri geçişinde yaşanan sorunlar, klinik başarıyı etkileyen faktörlerdir. Yaşanan bu problemlerin aşılması amacıyla yapılan çalışmalarda, nükleik asit temelli terapötik ajanlar olan aptamerler ön plana çıkmaktadır. Aptamerlerin düşük immünojenisite riskli ve modifiye edilebilirlikleri sayesinde farmakokinetik üstünlükleri, araştırmacıların bu alanda çalışmalarının önünü açmış olup; amiloidojenik proteinlere olan yüksek afiniteleri sayesinde bu proteinlerin hedeflenmesiyle tedavide güçlü bir alternatif sunulmaktadır. Bu çalışmada amiloidojenik proteinleri hedef alan aptamer teknolojileri ve aptamerlerin nörodejeneratif hastalıkların tedavisindeki potansiyeli derlenerek incelenmiştir.

Growth Performance and Body Condition Score of Pregnant and Lactating West African Dwarf Goats Fed Microbial-Treated Rice Husk-Based Diets.

2026-06-03T05:34:52+00:00

Rice husk is an abundant agricultural by-product with limited use in ruminant feeding due to its low protein, and high fibre contents. This study evaluated the effects of microbial-treated rice husk-based diets on growth performance and body condition score of pregnant and lactating West African Dwarf goats. Rice husk was subjected to biological treatment using Alcaligenes faecalis, Aspergillus flavus, and a combination of both microorganisms before inclusion in experimental diets as a substitute for twenty-five percent maize. Forty healthy nulliparous West African Dwarf does were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design and managed throughout gestation and seven weeks after parturition. Nutritional analysis revealed that microbial treatment significantly improved the quality of rice husk, increasing crude protein from 4.43% in the raw sample to 10.68–11.14% in treated samples, while maintaining comparable ash and fibre contents. Growth performance of pregnant goats was significantly influenced by dietary treatment, with average daily weight gain ranging from 68.03 to 68.98 g/day in treated groups compared with 76.67 g/day in the maize-based control. Similarly, lactating goats fed treated rice husk diets recorded average daily weight gains of 18.78–22.02 g/day compared with 26.33 g/day in the control group. Despite these reductions, treated diets sustained satisfactory growth and maintained body condition throughout the experimental period. Body condition score was not significantly affected by treatment and ranged from 4.45 to 4.90 across diets. The results demonstrate that microbial bioconversion substantially enhanced the feeding value of rice husk and supports its valorization as a sustainable alternative feed resource capable of partially replacing conventional feed ingredients in diets of breeding West African Dwarf goats.

Keywords: Rice husk, WAD goat, Pregnant, Lactating, Fungi, Bacteria

Evaluation of the Antiproliferative and Antiviral Potential of Equisetum arvense L. Extract

2026-06-03T05:38:30+00:00

Plant-derived natural products represent an important area of research in pharmaceutical and biotechnological applications due to their bioactive compounds. Equisetum arvense, widely found in the America, Europe, and Asia, has a long history of use in traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to determine the composition and biological activities of the ethanolic extract of E. arvense. The aerial parts of E. arvense were ground and subjected to ultrasound-assisted extraction using 70% ethanol. The total flavonoid content of this extract was determined colorimetrically using the aluminum chloride method. Cytotoxic effects were analyzed using the MTT assay on two different cancer cell lines. In addition, antiviral activity potential was analyzed in ovo using embryonated chicken eggs against the Infectious Bronchitis virus. The extract contained 1.421±0.11 mg catechin equivalents (CE)/g of total flavonoids. Cytotoxicity analyses showed that the extract reduced cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In particular, the extract exhibited the strongest antiproliferative effect in HeLa cells, with an IC₅₀ of 554.32±28.89 μg/mL at 72 hours. Similarly, in T24 cells, the IC₅₀ was 582.57±24.03 μg/mL at 72 hours. The extract demonstrated significant activity, achieving 73.43%–88.28% viral inhibition at concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 5 mg/kg. The results show that E. arvense ethanol extract is a significant natural bioactive source with antiproliferative and antiviral potential. The findings suggest that it may be evaluated for pharmaceutical and biotechnological applications.

Climate Change, Deep Learning, and Plant Disease: A Bibliometric Analysis (2000-2025)

2026-06-03T05:42:37+00:00

Climate change is reshaping environmental conditions in ways that influence the occurrence, spread, and severity of plant diseases, creating growing challenges for agricultural productivity and global food security. At the same time, advances in artificial intelligence, particularly deep learning, have provided new opportunities for improving plant disease detection, diagnosis, and prediction. Although research on climate change and plant health, as well as deep learning applications in agriculture, has expanded considerably in recent years, studies combining these topics remain limited and dispersed. This study presents a bibliometric analysis of the scientific literature linking climate change, deep learning, and plant disease between 2000 and 2025. Bibliographic data were collected from the Scopus database using a structured search strategy. After screening and applying the inclusion criteria, 59 relevant publications were selected for analysis. The dataset was examined using Bibliometrix (R package) and VOSviewer to evaluate publication trends, influential authors, leading journals, productive countries and institutions, citation patterns, collaboration networks, and keyword relationships. Based on the results, the first publication linking climate change, deep learning, and plant disease was identified in 2019, showing the recent emergence of this research field. However, publication output has increased rapidly since then, with an annual growth rate of 51.31%, reflecting growing interest in the use of artificial intelligence to address climate-related agricultural challenges. The average document age of 2.76 years further confirms the recent and emerging nature of this field. Citation analysis demonstrated that the earliest publications have had a strong influence on subsequent research, particularly studies published in 2019 and 2020. Despite the increasing number of studies, important gaps remain, especially regarding the integration of climate data with advanced deep learning models for large-scale disease prediction. By providing a comprehensive overview of research trends, influential contributions, and emerging themes, this study offers valuable insights for researchers and policymakers working to develop climate-resilient and data-driven approaches for plant disease management.

Miss AI-enhanced synthesis and characterization of bioinspired chitosan-ZnO based polysaccharides gums with calendula leaves extract as a biodegradable food packaging material

2026-06-03T05:42:54+00:00

Abstract

Back ground: Bioinspiring synthesis and characterization of chitosan–ZnO (C–ZnO) form-based smart food packaging using machine learning approach has been developed with incorporation of Calendula officinalis extract into Acacia senegal gum, almond gum and mastic gum (Pistacia lentiscus). A simple, green and ecofriendly synthesis method was used to prepare zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using naturally occurring polysaccharide gums as stabilizing and chelating agents.

Methods: The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles using the selected gums (Acacia senegal gum, almond gum and mastic gum) were characterized with their improved physicochemical properties and tunable morphology which were found to be effective and sustainable for the controlled synthesis of the nanoparticles.Further, the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were embedded within a biodegradable chitosan hydrogel matrix, which was also functionalized with the Calendula officinalis extract for enhancing the antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity of the active and intelligent food packaging systems. In the present study we develop zinc oxide nanoparticles sutures for the accelerated for food application.The formation and structure of ZnO nanoparticles and chitosan- ZnO based hydrogel composites were verified by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), UV-Visible spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM),zeta sizer.

Results: It was observed that the Acacia gum solution had a transparent white yellow colour, the Almond gum solution an milky white colour, and the mastic gum solution an yellowish brown color. The XRD analysis revealed sharp peaks which indicates the crystalline structure of biogenic nanoparticles.These gum based nanoparticles coated stutures show excellent antioxidant activities confirmed by DPPH radical seavenging assay.The agar well diffusion method was used to check the antibacterial potential against selected bacterial strain such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis,staph aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa and their zones of inhibitions were measured indicated excellent antibacterial activity hence the potential value is high for the shelf life extension and to prevent the microbial contamination in packaged foods.

Miss SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SAMARIUM DOPED NICKEL COBALT FERRITE FOR PHOTOCATALYSIS APPLICATION

2026-06-03T05:42:59+00:00

Abstract

Back ground: Spinel ferrite nanomaterials - NiFe₂O₄, CoFe₂O₄, Cu–Ni ferrite, and Ni–Zn–Co ferrite - were successfully doped with Sm³⁺ using a co-precipitation route, followed by calcination to achieve the desired phase and properties. The main objective of this research was to investigate the structural, morphological, and photocatalytic properties of ferrite nanomaterials with samarium doping

Methods: The synthesis and characterization of samarium-doped spinel ferrite nanomaterials were carried out using a systematic experimental approach designed to evaluate both their structural properties and photocatalytic performance.Spinel ferrite nanomaterials including NiFe₂O₄, CoFe₂O₄, Cu–Ni ferrite, and Ni–Zn–Co ferrite were prepared via the co-precipitation method. Co-precipitation was selected for its ability to produce homogeneous, nanoscale particles with controlled stoichiometry. Stoichiometric amounts of metal nitrates corresponding to the desired ferrite composition were dissolved in deionized water. An aqueous solution of Sm³⁺ was then introduced to achieve samarium doping. The mixed metal solution was subjected to controlled precipitation by dropwise addition of a precipitating agent under continuous stirring and maintained pH conditions. The resulting precipitate was collected, thoroughly washed to remove residual ions, dried, and subsequently subjected to calcination at an optimized temperature. Calcination was performed to enhance crystallinity, promote phase formation, and stabilize the spinel structure, thereby ensuring the desired magnetic and photocatalytic properties.The synthesized ferrite nanomaterials were subjected to multiple analytical techniques to confirm phase purity, chemical bonding, morphology, optical properties, and particle size distribution of these composites were verified by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), UV-Visible spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM),zeta sizer.

Results: SEM analysis revealed agglomerated nanostructured particles with almost uniform morphology. The degradation percentage of Rhodamine B increased significantly after samarium incorporation, attributed to better charge separation and enhanced surface activity of the nanomaterials. Comparative study of graphs, spectra, and calculated values showed that Sm-Fe ferrite exhibited higher photocatalytic activity compared to undoped ferrite. Samarium-doped spinel ferrites can be considered potential multifunctional materials for environmental remediation and wastewater treatment processes.

Anthocyanins as a Natural Feed Additive for Methane Mitigation in Ruminant Nutrition

2026-06-03T05:41:26+00:00

Ruminant animal enteric methane emissions contribute significantly to the accumulation of greenhouse gas and also represent a great loss of dietary energy. Natural feed additives that can reduce methane emissions without any negative effect on animal performance have been the focus of recent researches to enhance the sustainability of livestock production. Anthocyanins are naturally occurring flavonoid pigments richly available in purple corn, grape pomace, purple rice, black cane and other plants. They have antioxidant, antimicrobial, and rumen-modulating characteristics making them a potential option for enteric methane emissions mitigation. Anthocyanins have been shown to boost fermentation efficiency, decrease methanogenic archaea, interfere with microbial ecology of the rumen, and reroute hydrogen use toward propionate synthesis. This review examine the function of anthocyanins as a natural methane mitigation agents in ruminant nutrition. Their mode of action, efffects on rumen microbiota and fermentation characteristics, effects on animal performance, and potential contributions to sustainable ruminant animal production are all given a careful emphasis. Limitations and future research directions are also addressed.

Keywords: Methane mitigation, anthocyanins, rumen fermentation, ruminants, methane emissions

NANOTEKNOLOJİK YÖNTEMLERLE ÜRETİLEN GIDALAR VE HELAL UYGUNLUK AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

2026-06-03T05:47:32+00:00

In the global food industry, the demand for halal-certified products is rapidly increasing, driven by religious sensitivities as well as the search for healthy and ethical food. In Islamic law, food consumption must not only avoid prohibitions (haram) but also meet the highest standards of safety, quality, and hygiene according to the "Halalan-Tayyiban" (halal and pure) principle. In this context, nanotechnology offers revolutionary advantages in enhancing the nutritional value of foods, nano-encapsulation of bioactive components, and active/smart packaging systems. However, the potential cytotoxicity risks of nanomaterials and the origin of stabilizers used in production (such as pork-derived proteins) create serious ethical dilemmas and health concerns regarding the "tayyib" (pure/pure) element in halal assessment. Furthermore, sensor-based technologies and molecular detection methods play a critical role in the post-production inspection of food, food supplements, and packaging produced using nanotechnology methods. Olfactometric devices such as "e-nose" (electronic nose) can rapidly distinguish the characteristic volatile organic compounds of haram ingredients like lard. Furthermore, gold nanoparticle-based biosensors and nano-bioprops can detect even fragmented DNA sequences in processed foods with high sensitivity. While alternative sources are gaining importance in determining the halal status of animal-derived intermediates such as gelatin, advanced techniques such as nano UPLC-MS/MS can detect "marker peptides," enabling 100% accuracy in distinguishing between pork and beef. In conclusion, nanotechnology enhances efficiency in halal food production, while tools such as e-noses and nanobiosensors ensure the prevention of food fraud and monitoring compliance with religious requirements. This study aims to evaluate the halal suitability of raw materials used in the production of food, food supplements, and packaging materials, as well as those produced using nanotechnological methods, and to assess molecular detection methods.

Haematology and Serum Biochemistry of Pregnant West African Dwarf Goats Fed Diets Containing Microbial Treated Rice Husk as a Replacement for Maize

2026-06-03T05:41:44+00:00

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of microbial treated rice husk as a replacement for Maize on the haematology and serum biochemical parameters of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats. Raw rice husk was subjected to solid-state fermentation using Alcaligenes faecalis, Aspergillus flavus, or a mixture of both. Forty West African Dwarf goats were randomly placed on four dietary treatments with ten goats per treatment. The treatments were 0% treated rice husk, 25% bacterial-treated, 25% fungi-treated and 50:50 bacterial + fungi treated rice husk diet. The animals were fed at 5% of their body weight. Blood samples of 10 ml were collected before morning feeding at the end of each trimester of gestation to analyze for haematology and biochemical components. Blood samples were taken before morning feeding via jugular vein puncture into a plain and an anticoagulant bottle. Packed Cell Volume, Haemoglobin, red blood cell and total white Blood Cells were determined. Mean Corpuscular volume, Mean Corpuscular haemoglobin and Mean Corpuscular haemoglobin concentration was calculated from Packed Cell Volume, haemoglobin and Red Blood Cell. Serum biochemical parameters measured include total protein, albumin, blood urea nitrogen aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase parameters were determined. Goat fed the cocktail diet had better red blood cell, Packed Cell Volume, hemoglobin, platelet, eosinophil and aspartate aminotransferase but high in cholesterol level. Goat on bacterial-treated diet had the highest Total protein and better hemoglobin, Packed Cell Volume, platelet lymphocytes, aspartate aminotransferase and globulin content. The treated rice husk had positive impact on the blood parameters, the values are within the normal range for healthy goat. Hence, with the results of this study, the cocktail microbial treated rice husk replacement for Maize is suitable for better performance of WAD goats.

Key words: Haematology, Serum, Rice husk, Microbial, Maize, Pregnant WAD goats.

A comparative study of the nutritional profile of three Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) cultivars to enhance food security in sub-Saharan Africa

2026-06-03T05:47:42+00:00

The pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) is an important but underutilised legume in Côte d’Ivoire. This study aims to establish the nutritional profile of three pigeon pea cultivars grown in Côte d’Ivoire. Several analyses were carried out on three pigeon pea cultivars distinguished by their colour (white, brown and purple). These included the determination of pH and the content of reducing sugars and fibre. In addition, the profiles of vitamins, minerals and essential amino acids were determined. Antinutritional compounds were also identified. The results showed that the pH of the three cultivars is practically neutral (6.9–6.8) and the reducing sugar content ranges from 1.5 to 2.62 mg/100 g. As for fibre content, it varies from 18.5 to 22.42 mg/100 g, with a high content in the purple cultivar. The results also showed that the cowpea cultivars contain several vitamins, notably vitamins A, D, C, K1 and the B vitamins. The brown-coloured cultivar has a high vitamin content compared to the others (Vitamin A: 41.13 µg/100 g; vitamin B1: 61.27 µg; vitamin B5: 291.71 µg). Furthermore, the analyses revealed the presence of minerals such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium, iron, magnesium and sodium. The results also showed that the cowpea cultivars contain all nine essential amino acids in varying proportions. The phytate content of the three cultivars ranges from 16.65 mg (brown cultivar) to 20.08 mg (purple cultivar), whilst the oxalate content ranges from 12.02 (purple cultivar) to 15.03 mg (white cultivar). Although the cultivars studied contain antinutritional compounds, these can be significantly reduced by various techniques, including cooking, soaking and germination. In summary, all three cultivars analysed offer enormous potential, particularly the brown variety. This legume can be incorporated into local dietary habits to improve the nutritional status of vulnerable communities.

Dams, Recreation Areas, Climate Change and Water Security: An Assessment Using the Çoruh River as an Example

2026-06-03T05:47:54+00:00

Water is an essential resource for the sustainability of human and societal life. Although two-thirds of the world is covered with water, our planet is not rich in usable water resources. The sustainability of usable resources is threatened by problems such as global warming, drought, and climate change. The Çoruh River originates in the Mescit Mountains, flows through the provinces of Bayburt and Erzurum, then through Georgia before emptying into the Black Sea. Of its total length of 431 km, 21 km is within Georgian borders, making it one of Turkey's five transboundary rivers. The Çoruh Basin, one of Turkey's 26 hydrological basins, covers a total area of 20,259,900,000 m². The Çoruh River is Turkey's fastest-flowing river and is utilized for numerous purposes, from energy production and irrigation to providing drinking water and creating recreational areas. With its existing dams and hydroelectric power plants, the river and its basin contribute 6% of Turkey's total energy production, positively impacting the economy. However, the river and basin are also experiencing negative environmental changes due to decreasing water levels and the degradation of the river ecosystem. The increasing scarcity of usable water resources worldwide due to human actions has led to water, as a geopolitical resource, having a significant impact on international power balances and being considered a national security issue by nations due to competition in scarce regions. Transboundary waters, in particular, can lead to serious disputes, tensions, and even water wars between the states sharing them. The Çoruh River Basin is a water system of strategic importance for our country and constitutes a significant portion of its hydroelectric power generation capacity. This study examines the interaction of dams and recreational areas constructed in the basin with climate change and their effects on water security. Data obtained through a literature review address hydrological regime changes, greenhouse gas emissions, ecosystem pressures, and transboundary water management issues. The findings reveal that despite the economic and social contributions of dams and recreational areas, they will lead to problems in the long term in terms of water security, climate change, and environmental sustainability, thus requiring multi-dimensional planning.

Multivariate Evaluation of the Relationships Between Egg and Chick Traits in Denizli, Gerze and Sultan Native Chicken Genotypes

2026-06-03T05:47:48+00:00

This study aimed to evaluate the relationships between egg morphometric traits, incubation characteristics and chick quality parameters in Denizli, Gerze and Sultan native chicken genotypes using univariate and multivariate statistical approaches. A total of 410 eggs obtained from Denizli, Gerze and Sultan native chicken genotypes were used in the study. Egg weight, egg width, egg length, shape index, transfer egg weight and weight loss were determined. After hatching, hatch time, chick weight, chick yield, activity score, navel score, chick score and chick length were measured. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s multiple comparison test were applied to determine differences among genotypes. Principal component analysis (PCA), correlation heatmap analyses and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were performed to evaluate multivariate relationships among traits.

Significant differences were detected among Denizli, Gerze and Sultan genotypes for most egg and chick traits (P<0.05). Denizli chickens exhibited higher egg weight, transfer egg weight, chick weight, chick yield and chick length values compared to the other genotypes. Sultan chickens showed lower growth-related parameters but higher activity scores. Correlation analyses revealed strong positive relationships among egg weight, transfer egg weight, chick weight and chick length. PCA results demonstrated a clear phenotypic separation of the Sultan genotype from Denizli and Gerze chickens. In the combined linear discriminant analysis based on egg and chick traits, the overall classification accuracy was determined as 73.5%.

The findings demonstrated strong relationships between egg morphometric characteristics and chick quality parameters in Denizli, Gerze and Sultan native chicken genotypes. Multivariate analyses revealed clear phenotypic differentiation among genotypes and highlighted the importance of maternal egg characteristics on embryonic development and post-hatch chick performance.

Effect of crossbreeding on production performances and egg quality traits between commercial ISA Brown, Blue Holland hybrid cocks, and local hens

2026-06-03T05:48:02+00:00

In Niger, poultry farming has not yet developed to the same extent as in other countries of the sub-region. Local breeds constitute 54.7% of the flock. However, the yield of local chickens remains low due to their limited genetic potential and challenging conditions; local hens have lower productivity than commercial breeds. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the production performances and egg quality characteristics of local improved ISA Brown hens (obtained by crossbreeding between the local hens and commercial ISA Brown hybrid cocks) and improved local Blue Holland hens (obtained by crossbreeding between the local hens and commercial Blue Holland hybrid cocks) in comparison with local hens (parents and young hens).

The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with three-layer genotypes (40 hens per genotype) used in this study. These three genotypes were monitored under the same rearing conditions for 51 weeks. Feed was measured and distributed to the birds twice daily, and the collected eggs were used to assess internal and external quality for four weeks. The results revealed a significant difference (P < 0.05) between genotypes in laying rate, with 33.73% in improved local ISA Brown hens, 25.53% in improved local Blue Holland hens, 25.43% in local parent hens, and 11.37% in young local hens. The feed conversion ratio was lower in improved local ISA Brown (6.40) and Blue Holland (8.25) hens compared to local parent hens (9.16) and young local hens (14.01). The average egg weight was higher in improved local Blue Holland (49.65 g) and ISA Brown (49.22 g) hens than in local parent hens (40.94 g) and young local hens (39.66 g). The eggs from improved local ISA Brown hens also showed higher values (P<0.05) in egg index (77.00%), albumen height (4.06 mm), yolk height (7.74 mm), albumen proportion (55.71%), yolk diameter (39.07 mm), albumen length (70.91 mm), and albumen index (5.87) compared to the eggs of young local hens. Haugh units and yolk index did not show a significant difference between all genotypes (P > 0.05).

The local improved ISA Brown hens exhibited the best zootechnical performance and laid better-quality eggs. These results indicate that genetic improvement of local hens is most effective with ISA Brown hybrid cocks. In conclusion, this study showed that crossbreeding between ISA Brown and Blue Holland cocks and local hens might be an alternative method for improving Niger's local chickens.

Effects of Short-Term Temperature Manipulations During Storage on Embryonic Development and Hatchability of Hatching Eggs

2026-06-03T05:49:25+00:00

In the poultry industry, long-term storage of hatching eggs is a common practice due to market demands, logistical planning, and breeding company operations. However, prolonged storage of eggs beyond seven days has been associated with increased cellular apoptosis in the blastoderm, deterioration of albumen quality (including changes in Haugh unit and pH), extended incubation duration, and substantial reductions in chick quality and hatchability. To mitigate these adverse effects, the Short Periods of Incubation During Egg Storage (SPIDES) technique has been developed and has gained strategic importance in recent years. The objective of this review is to examine the cellular and physiological mechanisms underlying SPIDES application during extended egg storage and to evaluate its industrial outcomes in commercial hatcheries based on current scientific literature.

According to the reviewed literature, SPIDES stimulates the regeneration of blastoderm cells damaged during the storage period, promotes cellular homeostasis through increased expression of heat shock proteins, particularly HSP70, and limits the liquefaction of albumen. Furthermore, it enables the embryo to progress to more advanced blastoderm developmental stages (gastrulation stages), which are known to exhibit greater cellular resistance to storage-induced stress. From an industrial perspective, SPIDES has been shown to increase hatchability by approximately 3–7% in eggs stored for 7–14 days or longer, reduce early chick mortality, improve chick quality parameters such as navel score and body weight uniformity, and provide a more synchronized hatch by narrowing the hatch window.

The available evidence indicates that SPIDES applications represent a sustainable, cost-effective, and efficient strategy for maintaining embryonic viability, maximizing hatchery performance, and supporting early growth performance during the first week of life. However, the success of this method depends on the precise management of gradual heating and cooling profiles that prevent shell sweating and contamination risks, while also ensuring that critical temperature and exposure-time thresholds are not exceeded, thereby avoiding early embryonic mortality. Optimizing and integrating this technique into commercial hatchery operations according to factors such as breeder age, genotype, eggshell quality, and storage duration is of critical importance for enhancing industrial efficiency, sustainability, and global competitiveness within the poultry sector.

Standardised Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility of Processed Senna Seed (Senna occidentalis L.) in Broiler Chickens

2026-06-03T05:49:51+00:00

Senna seed is an underutilised tropical legume with potential as an alternative protein source in poultry nutrition. However, its utilisation in broiler diets is constrained by anti-nutritional factors that reduce amino acid availability and utilisation. Processing methods have been reported to improve nutrient availability through the reduction of these antinutrients. This study evaluated the standardised ileal amino acid digestibility of processed senna seed meal in broiler chickens.

One hundred and sixty 17-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments with five replicates of eight birds each in a completely randomised design. Diet 1 was a highly digestible protein (HDP); a control and diets 2, 3 and 4 contained Raw Senna Seed Meal (RSSM), Fermented Senna Seed Meal (FSSM), and Boiled Senna Seed Meal (BSSM) supplemented diets. Amino acid composition of the test ingredients was determined using standard analytical procedures, and ileal digesta were collected on day 21 for digestibility assay. Data were analysed using ANOVA at p = 0.05.

Results showed that processing significantly affected (p < 0.05) the amino acid composition and standardised ileal amino acid digestibility of Senna occidentalis seed meal. Among the senna seed meals, RSSM generally contained higher amino acid concentrations. However, standardised ileal amino acid digestibility was highest in birds fed HDP followed by FSSM and BSSM diets. In FSSM, leucine (74.53%), lysine (70.52%), threonine (66.25%) and tryptophan (79.58%) showed superior digestibility compared to the RSSM diet (57.70%, 53.06% and 66.68%), respectively. This indicates that fermentation enhanced amino acid bio-availability through microbial degradation of anti-nutritional factors.

In conclusion, fermentation effectively improved the nutritive value of Senna seeds by reducing anti-nutritional factors and enhancing amino acid digestibility and utilisation. Therefore, properly processed senna seed meal at 10% inclusion level can serve as a promising alternative protein source for broiler chickens.

Effects of Egg Storage Duration on Egg Weight Loss, Hatching Results, and Poult Quality Characteristics in Native Bronze Turkeys

2026-06-03T05:52:21+00:00

This study investigated the effects of pre-incubation egg storage duration on egg weight loss, hatchery performance, and selected poult quality parameters in turkey eggs. Eggs collected from a breeder flock were stored daily for 10 days in a storage room maintained at 16°C and 75% relative humidity. Based on the loading sequence, eggs stored for 0–5 days and 6–10 days were separated into two experimental groups representing 5-day and 10-day storage periods, respectively. A total of 746 eggs were used in the study, with equal numbers allocated to each group. On day 25 of incubation, eggs were reweighed to determine weight loss and subsequently transferred to hatching baskets.

The results showed that extending the storage period significantly affected egg weight at transfer and increased both absolute (g) and relative (%) weight loss during incubation (P<0.01). The relative weight loss was higher in eggs stored for 10 days (13.7%) than in those stored for 5 days (12.5%). Hatchability of fertile eggs and hatchability of set eggs were adversely affected by prolonged storage, decreasing from 81.2% to 69.7% and from 75.1% to 63.8%, respectively (P<0.01). Evaluation of embryonic mortality revealed that longer storage duration significantly increased early and mid-term embryonic mortality rates as well as the proportion of contaminated eggs (P<0.01). However, storage duration had no significant effect on late embryonic mortality, pipped-but-unhatched embryos, total late embryonic mortality, or fertility rate (P>0.05). Likewise, poult quality traits, including poult weight, poult length, shank length, shank diameter, and poult quality score, were not influenced by storage duration (P>0.05).

In conclusion, extending the pre-incubation storage period of turkey eggs from 5 to 10 days increased egg weight loss and contamination rates and, more importantly, elevated early and mid-term embryonic mortality, resulting in substantial reductions in hatchability and overall hatching performance. Therefore, careful management of egg storage duration is essential to achieve optimal hatchability in Native Bronze Turkeys.

Land pressure on agro pastoral resources and impact on Forage availability in Tandjilé Province/Chad

2026-06-04T06:14:10+00:00

The studies investigated the land pressure in agro pastoral resources in Tandjilé Province, Southern Chad. The supervised classification and Man Kendall trend analysis using Landsat 7 images and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) images series analyzed the land use land cover change and the degradation trend of the rangeland. The land use land cover analysis indicated an increase of 21.73% for cultivated areas, 12.60% for settlement and a decrease of 4.95, 14.22 and 46.49% for water ponds, forest and vegetation resource respectively.

Assessment of Tillering Behavior and Yield Traits in Traditional Rice Landraces and an Improved Variety for Germplasm Conservation

2026-06-04T11:01:55+00:00

An experiment was conducted with eight rice genotypes (Latishail, Jhingashail, Hashikalmi, Kalamanik, Shorishafuli, Lokkhibilash, Bamoni, and BRRI dhan92) to study their tillering behavior and its relationship to grain yield. The study was conducted under field conditions in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications, and all plots were managed using standard agronomic practices throughout the growing period. The genotypes showed clear differences in their growth and development. Significant variation was observed among the genotypes in tiller production, plant height, internode length, thousand-grain weight, phenological stages, grain characteristics, and leaf morphology. Among them, Latishail produced the highest thousand-grain weight, while BRRI dhan92 recorded the highest harvest index. In terms of maturity, Shorishafuli matured earlier than the other genotypes. Overall, the results show a wide range of variation among the genotypes, highlighting both the yield potential of improved varieties and the valuable traits present in traditional rice types, which are important for conservation and future breeding programs.

NPAS4, a typical bHLH-PAS transcriptional factor, and its engagement with 14-3-3 proteins beyond canonical recognition motifs

2026-06-04T11:02:51+00:00

Background: NPAS4 (Neuronal PAS domain containing protein 4) a member of the bHLHPAS (basic helix-loop-helix-Per-ARNT-Sim) is well known as a transcriptional factor serves
as master regulator of neural circuit homeostasis, memory formation, and synaptic plasticity.
On the other side 14-3-3 are scaffolding protein in brain and binds with phosphorylated client
proteins and modulate their localization and activity. Some studies had shown that interaction
of 14-3-3 with some bHLH family members influences on their localization and activity.
However, to date no any data had shown whether NPAS4 interacts with 14-3-3 proteins and
this interaction would be new clue to understand pathways of neurodegeneration development
involving Tau (Microtubule associated protein).
Methods: To address this, our study is aimed to set out to test whether 14-3-3 and NPAS4
actually interact. Using Scansite 4.0 and ELM for in silico prediction, we identified potential
14-3-3 binding sites within NPAS4. Strikingly, these predicted motifs fell inside intrinsically
disordered regions (IDRs). As a first experimental step, we performed co-localization studies
in neuronal cells using confocal microscopy.

Results: Our results revealed that fluorescently tagged NPAS4 and 14-3-3 co-localize in
transfected N2a cells, hinting at a possible interaction. This leads us to propose that 14-3-3
proteins may control NPAS4's subcellular location and activity. To move forward, we plan to
study this interaction in living neuronal cells using pull-down assays. Importantly, we are also
trying to achieve for the first time full length NPAS4 expression in Pichia pastoris primarily
data will be present

Colorimeter and total volatile nitrogen base assessments of Kebabs produced from meat of broiler fed cloves and garlic as additives in diet

2026-06-06T15:22:40+00:00

The poultry industry has recently geared towards the incorporation of natural additives into diets in order to improve the quality of meat products. One-day-old 308 Ross broiler chicks (n= 200; r = 5, 10 birds/r) were randomly allotted to four diets: T1 (Basal Diet (BD), T2 (BD + 0.25 % garlic), T3 (BD + 0.15 % cloves) and T4 (BD + 0.25 % garlic+ 0.15 % cloves (GC). On 42 day, 3birds/replicate were randomly selected, euthanized, defeathered and meat excised from primal cuts and ground. Minced meat (each treatment) was used to produced chicken kebabs. Colorometric assessment (L* a* b*) and Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen (TVBN (mg/100g)) on days 0 and 7 were assessed following standard procedure. No significant differences (P>0.05) in colour parameters, L*(1.13-1.85), a* (1.04-1.32) and b* (1.50-1.71). On day 7, TVBN (7.48) in kebabs from cloves fed broiler was lower (P>0.05) than 7.94 (garlic), 7.65 (GC) and 8.15 (BD). Garlic and cloves inclusion in broiler diet improved the quality of the meat which is reflected in the shelf stability of chicken kebabs.

Pesticide Use and Associated Environmental and Human Health Risks in Cereal Production Systems

2026-06-06T15:23:16+00:00

Cereal production is exposed to biotic stress factors, including weeds, insect pests, and fungal diseases, leading to the intensive use of plant protection products. However, the extensive application of these pesticides raises concerns regarding their potential adverse effects on human health and ecosystem functioning. A field survey was conducted among 100 farmers to assess phytosanitary practices, knowledge levels, and risk perception.

The results revealed that 23 different active substances were used, with herbicides representing the dominant group. Several herbicides exhibited high leaching potential, as indicated by elevated GUS values, suggesting a significant risk of groundwater contamination. All insecticides identified in the study are neurotoxic and may adversely affect non-target organisms. Regarding human health, several active substances present acute and/or chronic toxic effects, and some are associated with potential carcinogenic or reproductive impacts. According to the WHO classification, most pesticides used fall within moderately the hazardous (Class II) and slightly hazardous (Class III) categories, with a limited number belonging to higher toxicity classes.

Furthermore, the study highlights unsafe phytosanitary practices, including limited use of personal protective equipment, poor hygiene behavior during pesticide application, and inadequate management of pesticide containers and residues. These practices increase occupational exposure and contribute to environmental contamination. Overall, the findings emphasize the need to improve pesticide management practices in cereal production systems to mitigate risks to human health and the environment.

Evaluation of the Bio-insecticidal Activity of Myrtus comminus Against Tribolium castaneum

2026-06-06T15:24:00+00:00

The use of synthetic insecticides to control insects of stored-product raises environmental and health concerns, driving the search for eco-friendly, plant-based alternatives. This study investigated the insecticidal and allelopathic properties of leaf powder from Myrtus communis against the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. After collecting, drying, and grinding the aerial parts of M. communis, three doses (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g per 10 g of durum wheat) were tested under laboratory conditions. Key parameters included insect mortality, grain consumption, damage severity, nymphal deformities, and seed germination. The leaf powder of M. communis at the highest dose reduced consumption rates to 0.46% for adults and 0.89% for larvae after 10 days of exposure. Grain damage was significantly reduced at all tested doses for both insect stages, compared to the control. At a dose of 1 g of M. communis, adult and larval mortality reached 96.66% and 86.66%, respectively, after 30 days. Myrtus communis induced malformations in 11% of newly emerged adults. However, the powder did not affect grain germination, and 100% of the tested grains germinated after 4 days. These results suggest that leaf powder from M. communis is an effective biopesticide for protecting stored grains without affecting seed germination.

Determination of the essential oil content of Lavandula X-Intermedia plant at different developmental stages in the Turkish National Botanical Garden

2026-06-06T15:24:55+00:00

As a significant perennial plant of the Lamiaceae family, lavender is widely cultivated for its essential oil, alongside polar constituents like polyphenols and coumarins. Literature indicates that its phytochemical composition is strictly dependent on geographical origin, genetic variety, climatic conditions, harvest schedule, phonological stage, and extraction technique. This study investigates the Lavandula x intermedia culture grown within our institution, evaluating the essential oil extractions obtained from biomass sampled during and after the flowering phases. This study examines the essential oil yield and chemical composition of lavender plants, both in fresh and dried forms, as well as during the flowering and pre-flowering periods. Isolation of the essential oils was performed via a 3-to-4-hour hydrodistillation process using a Clevenger-type apparatus. To evaluate the volatile components, lavender samples isolated through hydrodistillation were subjected to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Lavender essential oil yield increases in parallel with the increased flowering rate of the plant. The major components obtained from fresh and dried lavender were examined. When the GC-MS results of fresh, unbloomed lavender were examined, the main components were as follows: 27.85% endo-Borneol, 24.95% beta-fellander, 11.56% linalool, 6.03% krypton, 5.91% alpha-pinene, 5.78% D-limonene, 5.76% alpha-bisabolol, 3.86% camphor, 3.1% lavandulyl acetate, 2.66% linalyl acetate, and 2.56% myrcene. When GC-MS results were examined in dried, unbloomed lavender, the main components were as follows: 26.17% 1-borneol, 16.42% eucalyptol, 10.88% L-linalool, 9.64% beta-phellandrene, 8.30% krypton, 7.80% limonene, 6.61% trans-beta-ocimene, 4.73% (+)-2-bornanone, 2.62% 2-beta-pinene, 2.62% lavandulyl acetate, 2.32% linalyl acetate, and 1.91% delta 3-carotene.

Comparison of Soxhlet and Cold Extraction Methods for Tasköprü (Kastamonu-Türkiye) Garlic Extracts against Colon Cancer Cells and Bone-Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells

2026-06-06T15:25:43+00:00

Garlic organosulfur compounds exhibit anticarcinogenic potential, but the extraction method strongly shapes the composition and bioactivity of the extracts. This study compared Soxhlet (hot) extraction with cold (ethanol maceration) extraction of white, geographically registered Taskopru garlic, evaluating anticancer activity against HCT116 human colon cancer cells and effects on healthy rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). For the Soxhlet method, sliced cloves were boiled for 1 h in 50% ethanol, and the extract was concentrated by evaporation. For the cold method, crushed cloves were macerated in absolute ethanol at room temperature for 3 days, then the solvent was removed by evaporation. The extracts’ composition was characterized by ATR-FTIR (4000-400 cm-1) and LC-MS/MS. Cytotoxicity was assessed by the MTT assay in HCT116 (5000 cells/well) and MSCs (1000 cells/well) at 1-200 ppt for 1, 3, and 5 days, with cisplatin as a positive control; data were analyzed using Student's t-test in SPSS. LC-MS/MS confirmed organosulfur markers: the cold extract retained alliin and gamma-glutamyl-S-allyl-L-cysteine, while seventeen garlic-derived compounds were identified in the Soxhlet extract. FTIR of the Soxhlet extract revealed hydroxyl, aromatic C-H, ester, carbonyl, carboxylic O-H, and characteristic organosulfur S=O and primary-amine bands consistent with alliin, allicin, and diallyl disulfide. Both extracts reduced HCT116 viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The Soxhlet extract was more potent than the cold extract (IC50 about 60 versus 120 ppt), with the cold extract showing a transient day-3 attenuation followed by stronger day-5 cytotoxicity. In MSCs, both extracts were non-cytotoxic at low doses, but the Soxhlet extract was cytotoxic at high doses, whereas the cold extract generally promoted MSC viability. Extraction method markedly influenced potency and selectivity, indicating that high-dose hot extracts warrant caution.

Fizikokimyasal Su Kalitesi Değerlendirmesinin Mezenkimal Kök Hücreler Üzerinde In Vitro Sitotoksisite Testiyle Birleştirilmesi: Akçay Deresi Havzası (Kastamonu, Türkiye)

2026-06-06T15:26:47+00:00

Su kalitesi izlemesi çoğunlukla fizikokimyasal ölçümlere dayanmakta, suyun canlılar üzerindeki biyolojik etkileri ise göz ardı edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Akçay Deresi havzasının (Çatalzeytin, Kastamonu) bir yıllık fizikokimyasal incelemesi özgün bir in vitro sitotoksisite değerlendirmesiyle birleştirilmiştir. Mayıs 2020 – Nisan 2021 arasında altı istasyondan aylık su örnekleri alınmış; sıcaklık, pH, çözünmüş oksijen, KOİ, BOİ, iletkenlik, askıda katı madde, azot ve fosfor türevleri, başlıca iyonlar ve ağır metaller (Fe, Pb, Cu, Cd, Hg, Ni, Zn) dâhil yirmi altı parametre standart yöntemlerle belirlenmiş ve Yüzeysel Su Kalitesi Yönetmeliği'ne göre sınıflandırılmıştır. Sitotoksisite, MTT testi (ISO 10993-5) ile sıçan kemik iliği mezenkimal kök hücreleri üzerinde, steril edilmiş su yedi dozda (0,1–5 µl/ml) 1., 3. ve 7. günlerde uygulanarak değerlendirilmiş; %70 altı canlılık sitotoksik kabul edilmiştir. Parametrelerin çoğu I. Sınıf (yüksek) kaliteyi göstermiş, ağır metaller risk oluşturmamıştır. Hücre canlılığı mevsime, doza ve süreye bağlı olarak değişmiştir; sitotoksik yanıtlar başlıca sonbahar, kış ve yaz aylarında görülmüştür. En düşük canlılık 3-4-5. istasyonlarda ~%45–48 aralığında yaz ve sonbahar mevsimlerinde izlenmiş; ilkbaharda IC50'ye ulaşılmamıştır. Tarım, sanayi ve yerleşim alanlarına yakın istasyonlar daha güçlü etki gösterirken, kaynağa yakın istasyonlarda canlılık daha yüksek olmuştur. Bazı örneklerde canlılığın %110 üzerine çıkması ve hücre kümelerinin oluşması, ileri moleküler incelemeyi gerektiren olası proliferatif bir yanıta işaret etmektedir. Havza kimyasal standartlara büyük ölçüde uysa da, yalnızca kimyasal analizle saptanamayan doza ve mevsime bağlı biyolojik etkiler ortaya konmuş; fizikokimyasal izlemenin kök hücre sitotoksisite testiyle birleştirilmesinin risk değerlendirmesini güçlendirdiği ve periyodik biyoizlemeyi desteklediği gösterilmiştir.

WASTE AS A FORM OF SECONDARY RAW MATERIAL TRADE: A REVIEW ON THE TRANSFORMING STRUCTURE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

2026-06-06T15:27:31+00:00

This study aims to examine the relationship between international trade and the environment within the framework of global waste trade and secondary raw materials. While the increase in trade volume during the globalization process has led to positive outcomes such as economic growth, increased income, and improved living standards, it has also given rise to new areas of debate regarding environmental impacts. In this context, the resource waste and waste accumulation caused by the traditional linear production and consumption model have increased the need for sustainable alternative approaches. The circular economy approach offers an important solution framework in this regard, focusing on more efficient use of resources and the reintegration of waste into production processes. Secondary raw materials, as a fundamental component of this approach, contribute to reducing dependence on natural resources and ensuring sustainability in production processes. On the other hand, the production and circulation of secondary raw materials are increasingly gaining an international dimension, increasing the cross-border movement of waste. Global waste trade is particularly noteworthy for the flow of waste from developed to developing countries; this process creates a significant imbalance between economic benefits and environmental and social costs. Low labor costs and more flexible environmental regulations make developing countries attractive for waste imports, but this can lead to the shift of environmental risks and health problems to these countries. In particular, the improper disposal of plastic and electronic waste exacerbates long-term environmental problems. Recent developments indicate significant changes in the structure of global waste trade. China's decision in 2017 to halt imports of plastic waste redirected waste flows and created new trade routes. This shift led to an increase in illegal waste dumping in some regions and made waste management problems more complex. This study evaluates the place of global waste trade within the international trading system, revealing the multifaceted relationship between economic efficiency and environmental sustainability.

Colour as Nutrition: Profiling Anthocyanin and Antioxidant Capacity in Pigmented Wheat, Rice, and Maize Landraces

2026-06-06T15:28:12+00:00

The relationship between pericarp coloration and nutritional quality in cereal grains has gained substantial scientific attention, yet systematic quantitative assessments across pigmented landraces remain fragmented in the literature. The present study synthesizes peer reviewed studies from 2010 to 2025 examining anthocyanin composition, total phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity in pigmented wheat, rice, and maize landraces relative to conventional non pigmented genotypes. Quantitative synthesis demonstrates that pigmented wheat landraces accumulate total anthocyanins ranging from 30 to 210 micrograms per gram of dry weight, with cyanidin 3 O glucoside and peonidin 3 O glucoside as the predominant molecular species. Purple and black rice landraces exhibit the highest concentrations among all cereals examined, ranging from 350 to 1,200 micrograms per gram, representing a 10 to 40 fold increase relative to milled white rice. Blue and purple maize genotypes contain 100 to 600 micrograms per gram, with acylated anthocyanin derivatives conferring significantly enhanced thermal stability compared to non acylated analogues. Total phenolic content follows an identical rank order, with pigmented varieties demonstrating two to five fold higher values than non-pigmented controls. Antioxidant capacity exhibits strong positive correlation with total anthocyanin concentration across all three cereal types, with pigmented rice achieving DPPH radical scavenging IC50 values of 0.8 milligrams per millilitre compared to 4.5 milligrams per millilitre for white rice. The aim of this review is to consolidate current quantitative evidence on anthocyanin profiles and antioxidant functionality in pigmented wheat, rice, and maize landraces and to establish colour based screening parameters for bio-fortification breeding programs targeting enhanced nutritional outcomes in staple cereal crops.

Agricultural Plastic Mulch Films: Sources, Fragmentation, and Microplastic Contamination in Crop Soils

2026-06-06T15:28:53+00:00

Agricultural plastic mulch films have become an integral component of modern intensive cropping systems worldwide, yet their contribution to soil microplastic pollution remains insufficiently characterized. Global annual consumption of agricultural plastic mulch exceeds 2 million metric tonnes, with China, the Mediterranean basin including Turkey, and the United States representing the largest application zones. Field degradation studies demonstrate that conventional low density polyethylene mulch films undergo embrittlement and fracturing within 120 to 180 days of field exposure, driven by ultraviolet radiation, thermal cycling, mechanical abrasion, and microbial colonization. Analytical intercomparison reveals that microplastic concentrations in agricultural surface soils range from 50 to 950 particles per kilogram of dry soil under short term mulch use, while long term application exceeding ten consecutive seasons yields concentrations between 800 and 4,500 particles per kilogram. The predominant morphotypes identified are fragments accounting for 65% to 85% of total particles. Polymer characterization confirms polyethylene as the dominant constituent, comprising 70% to 90% of recovered plastics. Soil texture and tillage intensity significantly influence vertical migration, with microplastics detected at depths exceeding 30 centimetres in conventionally tilled fields. Emerging evidence indicates that microplastic contaminated soils exhibit altered bulk density, water holding capacity, and aggregate stability, with potential implications for crop productivity. Research gaps persist regarding long term accumulation rates, transport pathways to groundwater, and uptake of nanoscale plastic particles by edible crop tissues. The aim of this review is to synthesize current scientific knowledge on the sources, fragmentation behaviour, and microplastic contamination levels associated with agricultural plastic mulch films and to identify critical research priorities for assessing soil health risks.

Upcycling Agricultural By Products: Developing Functional Plant Based Proteins from Oilseed Waste

2026-06-06T15:29:36+00:00

The present review aims to critically evaluate the potential of oilseed processing residues, including press cakes and meals derived from sunflower, sesame, canola, flax, and rapeseed, as sustainable feedstocks for the development of functional plant based protein ingredients for human consumption. A systematic synthesis of peer reviewed literature from 2015 to 2025 was conducted, focusing on four key domains: chemical composition of defatted oilseed meals, protein extraction efficiencies across alkaline, enzymatic, and salt extraction methods, functional properties of isolated protein concentrates and hydrolysates, and nutritional quality assessed by amino acid scoring and in vitro digestibility. Comparative analysis revealed that defatted meals contain crude protein ranging from 30% to 55% by dry weight, with sesame and sunflower meals exhibiting the highest values at 42.7% and 38.4% respectively. Alkaline solubilisation followed by isoelectric precipitation yielded optimal extraction efficiencies between 54% and 68% across all feedstocks. Functional characterization demonstrated that oilseed protein isolates possess water holding capacities of 2.9 to 3.6 grams per gram of protein, oil holding capacities of 2.4 to 3.1 grams per gram, and foaming capacities exceeding 200% for sesame and flax isolates, values comparable or superior to commercial soy and pea protein benchmarks. Amino acid profiling identified sulphur containing amino acids as the primary limiting factor, while lysine, leucine, and arginine scores met or exceeded FAO reference patterns. In vitro protein digestibility corrected amino acid scores ranged from 0.70 to 0.79 across isolates. The evidence supports that oilseed waste streams can be effectively upcycled into high value functional protein ingredients for meat analogues, dairy alternatives, and baked goods. However, standardization of extraction protocols, mitigation of anti-nutritional factors including phytates and tannins, and sensory optimization remain critical barriers requiring further research prior to industrial scale adoption.

Nutritional criteria and the examination of certain nutrient factors from the perspective of food biochemistry

2026-06-06T15:31:05+00:00

1.Background: Nutrition is the most important set of vital activities determined by economic, social, cultural, and environmental factors, as well as the ecological and environmental conditions in which societies operate. The goal of nutrition is not just to fill your stomach. In a sense, this means ensuring balanced nutrition, not just adequate nutrition, by including all the nutrients the body needs in the diet.

Nutritional criteria require not only adequate and balanced nutrition, but also the consumption of food that is safe and hygienic. Primarily, economic conditions and climate change due to global warming, mass migrations, and environmental pollution are factors that affect healthy eating criteria.

Methods: Individual factors influencing nutritional criteria should be considered, including specific medical conditions, age, gender, pregnancy, lactation, active or sedentary lifestyle, etc. Nowadays, excessive calorie intake is influenced by the consumption of processed foods; For example, the increase in obesity, insufficient intake of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and all nutrients; marasmus, insufficient protein intake, especially the decrease in the consumption of animal-derived protein due to economic conditions and the resulting diseases such as kwashiorkor are the most significant and widespread nutrition-related health disorders. In addition, diabetes, celiac disease, iron deficiency, and other diseases caused by inadequate or insufficient intake of certain nutrients include anemias, pellagra, scurvy, phenylketonuria (PKU), beriberi, night blindness, retinitis pigmentosa, rickets, osteoporosis, and osteomalacia.
Result: A balanced and varied diet, and even traditional dietary habits in our country, could be considered more beneficial than fast food diets in terms of balanced nutrition.

Conclusion: Incorporating simple and easy rules into daily dietary criteria, such as a varied diet rather than one-sided ones, and consuming fiber-rich foods and whole-wheat bread instead of excessive calories and sugar, will be a first step in protecting against these diseases. These topics will be briefly summarized in the compilation.

Plant Secondary Metabolites as Household Insecticides: A Critical Review of Efficacy, Toxicology, and Regulatory Pathways

2026-06-07T05:25:14+00:00

Cold storage facilities are indispensable for modern food supply chains, pharmaceutical logistics, and agricultural preservation. Their design and construction require a confluence of structural engineering, building physics, materials science, and sustainability principles. This article provides a comprehensive, state‑of‑the‑art review of cold storage structures from a civil engineering perspective. It covers: (1) structural design fundamentals – including load combinations, foundation systems engineered to prevent frost heave, floor flatness specifications for high‑rack warehouses, and seismic resilience; (2) thermal insulation materials – with in‑depth analysis of conventional options (polyurethane, polystyrene, mineral wool) and advanced polymer composites, especially poly(ethylene disulfide) (PEDS)/carbon fiber composites, which exhibit superior mechanical strength, low thermal conductivity, and durability in sub‑zero environments; (3) integration of nano‑enhanced materials and phase‑change materials (PCMs) to boost energy efficiency; (4) building envelope performance – calculation of U‑values, vapor barrier placement, and mitigation of thermal bridging; (5) durability challenges – freeze‑thaw cycles, corrosion protection for steel reinforcements, and long‑term performance monitoring using thermography; (6) sustainability assessment through life‑cycle analysis (LCA) and green building certifications (LEED, BREEAM), including the use of recycled and bio‑based polymers; and (7) future trends – smart cold storage with IoT‑embedded panels, self‑healing polymers via disulfide exchange, and 3D‑printed insulation components. The review integrates the authors’ previous work on polymer composites (Sheydaei et al., 2021; 2022), nanoparticle applications (Hajipour et al., 2023), and environmental safety (Alinia‑Ahandani et al., 2021, 2022) to provide an evidence‑based resource for civil engineers, contractors, and researchers.

A Comprehensive Review of Superfoods from Gilan Province, Northern Iran: Phytochemistry, Therapeutic Potential, Environmental Safety, and Future Perspectives

2026-06-07T05:26:18+00:00

Background: Gilan Province, located in the Caspian Hyrcanian ecoregion, benefits from a humid subtropical climate that fosters exceptional biodiversity. Among its rich flora, several edible species have been traditionally used as functional foods or “superfoods” – nutrient‑dense foods with purported health benefits beyond basic nutrition. However, a comprehensive, evidence‑based evaluation of Gilan’s superfoods, integrating phytochemical profiles, clinical evidence, and safety aspects (especially heavy metal contamination), is lacking.

Objective: This review aims to systematically identify, characterize, and evaluate the scientific evidence for five prominent superfoods of Gilan: green tea (Camellia sinensis), wild edible mushrooms (primarily Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus), raspberry (Rubus idaeus), olive (Olea europaea), and hazelnut (Corylus avellana). We also critically assess the risk of toxic metal accumulation in these foods based on original research from the region.

Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and local Iranian databases (SID, Magiran) for articles published from 2000 to March 2026. Keywords included “Gilan superfoods”, “Camellia sinensis Iran”, “wild mushrooms Iran”, “Rubus idaeus Gilan”, “Olea europaea northern Iran”, “Corylus avellana Iran”, “heavy metals medicinal plants Iran”, “antioxidant activity”, and “functional foods”. We included all peer‑reviewed original articles, reviews, and case studies reporting nutritional, phytochemical, pharmacological, or toxicological data on these five foods, with emphasis on studies conducted in Gilan Province. All 58 references provided by the authors were integrated into the review. Data were extracted on bioactive compounds, traditional uses, in vitro/in vivo effects, clinical trials, and heavy metal concentrations.

Results: Green tea from Lahijan contains epigallocatechin‑3‑gallate (EGCG) at 80–120 mg/g dry weight, with demonstrated anticancer (IC50 30–50 µg/mL against MCF‑7), cardioprotective, and neuroprotective effects. Wild mushrooms from Roodsar and Amlash show high β‑glucan content (15–25% dry weight) and antioxidant activity (DPPH IC50 45–80 µg/mL). Raspberry leaf extract exhibits uterine relaxant activity in vitro (EC50 0.8 mg/mL) and anti‑inflammatory effects via NF‑κB inhibition. Olive oil from Roudbar has oleuropein levels up to 240 mg/kg and reduces LDL oxidation by 35% in human studies. Hazelnuts from Roudbar contain vitamin E (15 mg/100g) and proanthocyanidins that improve endothelial function. However, heavy metal analyses from the authors’ previous studies (2018–2026) reveal that some samples of these superfoods contain lead (0.2–4.5 mg/kg), cadmium (0.1–1.2 mg/kg), and arsenic (0.05–0.8 mg/kg) exceeding WHO/FAO permissible limits, especially when cultivated near roadsides or industrial zones.

Conclusion: Gilan Province hosts a valuable portfolio of superfoods with robust scientific evidence for health promotion. Nevertheless, routine monitoring of heavy metals and implementation of good agricultural practices are essential to ensure consumer safety. This review provides a foundational resource for researchers, policymakers, and the food industry aiming to develop safe, high‑value functional foods from this unique region.

Advanced Cold Storage Structures: A Comprehensive Civil Engineering Review of Design, Polymer-Based Insulation, Durability, and Sustainability

2026-06-07T05:27:02+00:00

Feed restriction in Broiler Breeders: A systematic review of impact on productive performance, reproductive outcomes, and welfare indicators

2026-06-07T05:27:48+00:00

Feed restriction is indispensable to the management of broiler breeder flocks (Gallus gallus domesticus). In the absence of rationing, these birds exhibit abnormal obesity, reproductive dysfunctions, and elevated mortality. Despite five decades of experimental production, no systematic synthesis had simultaneously evaluated the effects of different restriction strategies on productive and reproductive performances and on breeder welfare. This systematic review was conducted to address this gap and drew upon articles published in the Scopus and Web of Science databases between 1989 and 2025. Study selection, carried out via Rayyan, and risk-of-bias assessment using the SYRCLE tool yielded a final corpus of 90 studies.

According to the authors, ad libitum feeding is deleterious, as it disrupts the ovarian follicular hierarchy and reduces fertile egg production by approximately 40 units per hen. Every-day feeding (ED) surpasses skip-a-day feeding (SAD) in terms of body weight uniformity, feed efficiency, eggshell quality, and hatchability, with systematically lower corticosterone levels. Furthermore, maintaining SAD after photostimulation induces lasting reproductive dysfunctions and a net loss of at least 17 eggs per hen. Dilution with insoluble fibre reduces stereotypies and improves clinical welfare indicators (plumage quality, foot lesions, fault bars, etc.) without altering the hypothalamic expression of appetite-regulating peptides (AGRP, POMC). Precision feeding improves body weight uniformity but significantly reduces egg production. As a synthesis, this study reveals that daily feed restriction remains the best-supported programme for jointly optimising productive and reproductive performances. Qualitative restriction improves clinical welfare indicators without resolving metabolic hunger. However, no currently available strategy demonstrates a simultaneous and robust benefit across all three domains investigated.

A Development of functional probiotic foods from fermented jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) seed flour

2026-06-07T05:28:48+00:00

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is an underutilized crop mainly found in tropical and subtropical regions, with strong potential as a nutritious food source and valuable economic commodity due to its suitability for large-scale food production. The aim of this study was to produce value added probiotic food products with using jackfruit seed flour. The fruits were collected from Mihintale, Sri Lanka. They were thoroughly washed, cut into appropriate sizes, and the seeds were removed prior to further processing. The remaining fruit was sliced, soaked in 90°C water for 3 minutes, milled, and sun-dried for 8 hours. The resulting flour was then packaged in polyethylene pouches (HDPE, 300 gauges) and stored in a refrigerator at approximately 4°C. The jackfruit seed flour was fermented using 10⁸ CFU of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus for 48 hours to produce four different products: dietary powder, food bars, ice cream, and butter in combination of different ingredients. Sensory evaluation was conducted for all four products to assess consumer acceptance and optimize their nutritional and probiotic. Statistical analysis was performed using the MINITAB software package, and ANOVA test was used. The protein content increased in all four products after fermentation compared to non-probiotic versions. For the food bars, there was a significant difference in all nutritional properties between the probiotic and non-probiotic versions, except fat content (p = 0.071). The fiber content decreased in all four products compared to their non-probiotic counterparts. Jackfruit bar, both probiotic and non-probiotic, contained comparatively high fat content. After one month of storage, the microbial count of both the jackfruit bars and the dietary powder was found to be 10⁶ CFU. The ice cream and butter were kept in the freezer and the refrigerator for one month, 2 × 10⁶ CFU of probiotics was observed. It was evident that the fermented jackfruit seed flour products were demonstrated high nutritional value and consumer preference.

The impact of sheep farm production orientation in Bulgaria and the region on the adoption rate of precision livestock farming sensors and devices

2026-06-07T05:29:31+00:00

The aim of this study is to examine the influence of the production orientation of sheep farms in Bulgaria and the region on the intensity of digital transformation. The study encompasses 270 sheep farm owners, with data collected via face-to-face direct standardized interviews. The questionnaire itemized a total of 10 electronic devices and sensors, with farmers indicating which technologies were implemented in their farms and to what extent. To facilitate the analysis, the numerous individual configurations were categorized into the following adoption classes: 1 (one device), 2–3 devices, and 4 or more devices and sensors. The results demonstrate that production orientation is a key driver of the number of implemented technologies. The highest level of innovation is observed in dual-purpose (combined) farms, where 53.85% of farmers utilize four or more technical devices. The dairy sector is the most widespread, accounting for 48.15% of the surveyed farms; however, its modernization is highly specialized and primarily focused on the milking process. In contrast, meat-oriented farms rely more heavily on remote monitoring systems, a choice dictated by their pasture-based management system.

Preference and Perception of Bioresources among Green Leafy Vegetable Farmers in Selected States in Nigeria

2026-06-08T07:37:14+00:00

Vegetable production in Nigeria is of nutritional and economic importance. The increasing production of vegetables and the increasing reliance on inorganic fertilizers and pesticides to meet demand have raised concerns about soil degradation, environmental sustainability, and the long-term productivity of farming systems. Bioresources such as Compost (CM), Vermicompost (VC), Biochar (BC), Farmyard manure (FYM), and Biopesticides (BP) offer sustainable alternatives that can improve soil fertility and support resilient agricultural production. Understanding farmers’ perceptions and preferences regarding the use of bioresources is essential to promote sustainable agricultural practices among green leafy vegetable farmers. The study investigates farmers’ awareness and perceptions of bioresources, the challenges associated with bioresource utilization, and preferences for different bioresources in vegetable production. Primary data were collected through a cross-sectional survey of 300 green leafy vegetable farmers using a multistage sampling procedure. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and preference ranking techniques.

Findings revealed farmers with knowledge of FYM (86%), BP (81%), CM (86%), BC (98%) and VC (0%), while 79%, 60%, 39%, 75%, 65% of farmers cannot use VC, BP, FYM, BC, and CM respectively. Few farmers (18-20%) perceived constraints such as higher labor requirements, limited awareness, and greater technical complexity, while about 50% strongly disagreed that bioresources demanded additional labor and were less effective than conventional alternatives. Preference analysis indicated that inorganic fertilizer ranked first, followed by organic manure, poultry manure, and cow dung, while biochar and vermicompost received lower preference rankings. Among factors influencing farm input choice, crop yield ranked highest, followed by extension agents’ recommendations and resource availability. The study concludes increased awareness of bioresources and reduced ability to use bioresources. Thus, improving farmers’ access to practical demonstrations and proof of yield benefits from using bioresources through extension services could enhance adoption and promote the use of bioresources in vegetable farming systems.

Recent Advances in Shelf-Life Extension of Fresh-Cut Leafy Vegetables: Edible Coatings, Active Packaging, and Natural Sanitization Strategies

2026-06-08T16:16:24+00:00

Fresh-cut leafy vegetables are highly perishable products because cutting and minimal processing accelerate respiration, moisture loss, enzymatic browning, and microbial spoilage. In response to the growing demand for safe, convenient, and clean-label produce, this review explores recent advances in edible coatings, active packaging, and natural preservation strategies for extending shelf life and maintaining quality. Edible coatings based on polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids can act as semi-permeable barriers that reduce gas exchange and water loss while delivering antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds. Active packaging systems, including oxygen scavengers, moisture regulators, and antimicrobial materials, help slow senescence and suppress microbial growth during storage. In parallel, natural preservation approaches such as plant extracts, essential oils, organic acids, and biocontrol agents provide sustainable alternatives to synthetic preservatives and chlorine-based treatments. Although promising, these technologies still face challenges related to formulation stability, sensory acceptance, regulatory approval, and industrial scale-up. Overall, the integration of these hurdle technologies offers a practical and sustainable pathway to reduce postharvest losses and improve the commercial value of fresh-cut leafy vegetables.

The Effects of Geographically Indicated Products on Sustainable Agriculture, Food Safety and Food Security

2026-06-08T18:05:13+00:00

Geographical indications are a labeling tool that helps protect the quality, reputation, and characteristics of traditional products belonging to a specific geographical region. This labeling ensures the representation and recognition not only of the geographical origin of the product but also of the production methods and specialized knowledge specific to that region.Sustainable agriculture is an understanding and practice that aims to ensure the continuity of agricultural production by balancing environmental, economic, and social factors. Geographical indications, which aim to protect the quality and uniqueness of products belonging to a specific region, have the potential to be an important actor in achieving this goal. This is because the production of geographically indicated products is generally based on traditional and local farming methods, which help ensure biodiversity and protect local species.. Food security and food safety are closely related but distinct concepts; they encompass many elements including ensuring an adequate food supply, producing food safely, and distributing produced food equitably and sustainably to those who need it, as well as food access. Food security, which refers to the right to meet and consume the nutritional needs necessary for a healthy life, and food safety, which demonstrates the suitability of food in terms of physical, biological, and chemical aspects and its absence of health risks, intersect in many ways with geographical indication. This is because geographically indicated products, grown in areas with specific climate and soil conditions and subject to certain quality standards, share common goals with food safety and security, and therefore have points of intersection with these concepts.In our opinion, establishing a common language and documentation infrastructure in quality management at universities, including internationalization, will not only facilitate the implementation of quality processes but will also contribute to strengthening reliability, consistency, and international compliance in scientific production.The aim of this study is to examine the effects of geographically indicated products on sustainable agricultural practices, food safety, and food security using data obtained from a literature review on the subject. The results obtained from the analysis, based on the aim, conditions, criteria, and data related to the selected example application (Bayburt geographically indicated products), show that geographically indicated products significantly contribute to promoting sustainable agricultural practices while also increasing food safety and food security.

Efficacy of Red Silk Cotton (Bombax ceiba) Flower Powder on Growth Performance, Hematological, Biochemical and Fecal Microbial Load of Broiler

2026-06-09T06:22:57+00:00

The study aimed to assess the effects of food supplementation with Red Silk Cotton (RSC) flower powder on broiler chicken production performance, carcass characteristics, haemato-biochemical, faecal microbial load, and cost-effectiveness as an antibiotic replacement. A total of 120-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to four experimental groups. Groups T₀, T₁, T₂, and T₃ received baseline feed supplemented with 1%, 2%, and 3% silk cotton (RSC) flower powder, respectively. In this study, the T₀ and T₁ groups consumed considerably less feed overall (P<0.05) than the T₂ and T₃ groups. The 3% RSC-treated group T₃ had a considerably (P < 0.05) higher final live weight than the T₁, T₂, and T₀ groups. The T₃ group had a significantly (P<0.05) higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the T₀, T₁, and T₂ groups. The weight of the broiler chicken's organs (breast, thigh, drumsticks, wings, head, liver, heart and gizzard) and carcass features varied significantly (P < 0.05) among all treatment groups. Dietary addition had a significant (P<0.05) impact on the lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, and LDL), faecal microbial load, drip loss, sensory test, cook loss, feather, skin, and cost-effective parameters. Higher body weight, better FCR, and more feed were observed in the 3% RSC-treated group of birds. Overall, 3% RSC addition was a more effective antibiotic substitute than 1% and 2% RSC.

Analyzing Small-Scale Wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn._) Production Cost and Returns in Out-Grower Scheme in Thomas Irrigation Area of Makoda Local Government, Kano State, Nigeria

2026-06-09T06:27:43+00:00

The study analyses small-scale wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn.) production cost and returns on out-grower scheme in Thomas irrigation area of Makoda Local Government of Kano state, Nigeria. The study employed multistage sampling technique in the selection of 120 sample respondents. The respondents were interviewed using structured questionnaire. The result obtained was analyzed by means of descriptive statistics and farm budget model. It reveal that farm size (X₅) p<-3.543*** was statistically significant but negative in wheat production by small scale farmers, sources of information (X₄) p<2.024**, farming experience (X₆ p< 0.046 0.036**) and educational level (X₇) 0.40 (p<) 0.010 were also significant (1.758*). The result indicated the variable costs of N392,975.26) reflecting 79.80% of the total cost production cost was realised. Among the variable costs, input fertilizers cost constituted highest with N185,767.65(37.73%), seed costs (N38,108.89)7.74%, and irrigation depends on the method used for watering. Fixed costs of production were found to be ₦ 99,451.85 representing (20.19%) per acre. The analysis of the costs and returns reveals that the farmers had a benefit-cost ratio of 7.03 realising ₦7.01 as revenue for every ₦1 invested by farmer in wheat crop production during the 2022/2023 irrigation season. Problems identified included at harvest and post-harvest activities up to (24%) of the farm proportion, pest and diseases. The study recommends ensuring timely and adequate provision of inputs by the government and non-governmental entities and groups, provisions of affordable credit to farmers is paramount, extension services should be adequately and funded, government and private sector should make investments in agricultural research and education as a state priority.

Phenotypic Evaluation Of Salt Stress Tolerance In Wheat Lines Derived From The Introgression Of Nax1 And Nax2 Genes

2026-06-09T06:29:06+00:00

Salt stress constitutes one of the main abiotic factors limiting cereal productivity worldwide. The introgression of sodium exclusion genes (Nax1 and Nax2) represents a major strategy to improve wheat tolerance. This study evaluates the phenotypic impact of these genes in ten wheat lines (Nax) compared to five reference parents their recurrent parents (Maali, Karim, Salim, Razzek, and Nasr) subjected to salt stress (100 mM and 150 mM NaCl) under pot culture conditions. Morphological parameters based on the Growth Reduction Index (GRI), the Salinity Tolerance Coefficient (STC), and an overall visual score were analyzed. The results demonstrate significant inter-genotypic variability. Among the recurrent The parents Maali was found to be the most tolerant (STC = 80.0%), while Nasr proved to be the most sensitive (STC = 46.4%). Remarkably, four introgressed lines (B11L1, B4L8, B4L2, and B4L7) outperformed the best parent Maali, showing STC gains of up to +7% and minimized GRI (up to 13%). These elite lines constitute promising candidates candidates for breeding programs in arid, salinity-stressed marginal landsfor breeding programs in arid and semi-arid zones.

Precision Fermentation for Animal Identical Dairy Proteins: A Multi Disciplinary Review of Microbial Engineering, Process Intensification, Safety, and Environmental Aspects

2026-06-09T18:37:52+00:00

The dairy industry is under growing pressure to reduce its environmental footprint, improve animal welfare, and meet the needs of lactose‑intolerant consumers. Precision fermentation (PF) has emerged as a biotechnological strategy to produce molecularly identical milk proteins – including β‑lactoglobulin, α‑lactalbumin, caseins, and lactoferrin – using genetically engineered microorganisms. This review provides an extended and critical synthesis of the PF dairy protein field based on 75 peer‑reviewed sources, including recent advances (2020–2026) and complementary insights from nanotechnological decontamination and plant‑based safety assessments. We compare five microbial host platforms (Komagataella phaffii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces lactis, Aspergillus oryzae, and Escherichia coli) with respect to titre, folding fidelity, secretion efficiency, and regulatory status. Fed‑batch fermentation in bioreactors up to 150,000 L is evaluated, and downstream processing trains (centrifugation, depth filtration, cation exchange, ultrafiltration, spray drying) are described with real‑world yield data. A dedicated safety section examines residual host‑cell DNA, endotoxins, and allergenicity. We integrate life cycle assessment (LCA) and techno‑economic analysis (TEA) to identify the conditions under which PF dairy becomes cost‑competitive and environmentally superior. Finally, we embed the discussion within broader food safety concerns – including heavy metal contamination of raw materials – drawing on recent studies from Iran and elsewhere. Our conclusions highlight that PF dairy is technically mature but still requires advances in continuous processing, waste‑based feedstocks, and harmonised global labelling to achieve widespread market adoption.

Reliability Based Optimal Design of Steel Grain Silos under Random Discharge Pressures and Time Dependent Corrosion: A Life Cycle Cost Approach with Contamination Risk Considerations

2026-06-09T18:38:01+00:00

Steel silos that store grain are not just simple containers; they are critical nodes in the global food supply chain. Their failure – whether by buckling, seam rupture, or even gradual corrosion – can destroy hundreds of tonnes of food and sometimes introduce heavy metals into the stored product. This paper tries to tackle two main sources of uncertainty: the random nature of discharge pressures (which depend on the grain’s friction properties and the silo’s geometry) and the slow, time‑dependent wall thinning caused by organic acids from moist grain. A reliability‑based design optimisation (RBDO) framework is developed for a 10 m diameter, 20 m tall wheat silo. A detailed 3D finite element model (Abaqus) is built, and then a Gaussian process surrogate is trained on 500 FE runs to make the optimisation computationally feasible. Four failure modes are considered: local buckling, first yield, seam fatigue, and – unusually but importantly – grain contamination by leached heavy metals (lead, cadmium, chromium) from corroded steel. Corrosion is modelled as a power‑law process with parameters fitted from inspection records of 45 real silos. The RBDO minimises the total expected 50‑year life‑cycle cost (initial steel, maintenance, failure risk) while keeping the annual reliability index above β = 3.5. The optimal design uses a thicker lower wall (9.5 mm vs. 7 mm in a deterministic Eurocode design), variable stiffener spacing, and a mix of S355 and S235 steel. This design reduces the total expected cost by about 38% compared to a conventional deterministic design, mainly by slashing the failure risk in the silo’s later life. Sensitivity analysis shows that the wall friction angle is the most influential uncertain parameter. The paper also borrows insights from recent studies on heavy metals in medicinal plants and food products – work by Alinia‑Ahandani and colleagues in Iran – to argue that contamination monitoring should become part of structural design codes for food storage facilities.

Functional Textiles and Natural Colourants Derived from Agro Food Waste: A Comprehensive Review of Their Application in Food Quality Monitoring, Active Packaging, and the Circular Bioeconomy

2026-06-09T18:38:10+00:00

The global food system faces a dual sustainability crisis: huge quantities of agro‑food waste are generated annually, while food safety monitoring and preservation remain heavily dependent on resource‑intensive, non‑renewable materials and methods. This review explores the emerging interdisciplinary field that connects textile engineering, natural colourant chemistry, and food science. We provide a comprehensive and critical synthesis of more than 120 peer‑reviewed studies published between 2020 and 2026. The paper is organised around three interconnected pillars. First, we examine the valorisation of agro‑food residues – including mango seed kernel, Aronia pomace, orchid blooms, grape pomace, pomegranate peels, and Stevia leaves – as sources of natural colourants (anthocyanins, carotenoids, flavonoids, tannins) and bioactive finishing agents. Quantitative data are presented on extraction efficiencies (ultrasound‑assisted vs. conventional), dyeing performance on various textile substrates (cotton, wool, silk, viscose, bacterial cellulose), and functional properties (antioxidant activity measured by DPPH and ABTS assays; antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus; colour fastness to washing, light, and rubbing). The best‑performing systems achieve DPPH scavenging >98%, ABTS >99%, and bacterial reduction >99%, with colour fastness ratings of 4–5 on the ISO scale. Second, we review textile‑based sensor platforms developed for real‑time, on‑site food quality monitoring. These include: (i) cotton fabrics functionalised with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and nitrogen‑doped carbon dots (N‑CDs) for fluorescence detection of carbamate pesticides (detection limit 3.38 μg/L for carbofuran); (ii) covalent organic framework (COF)‑modified textile sensors that exhibit solid‑state chromism for time‑temperature indication (−22 °C to 55 °C) and nanozyme activity for mycotoxin detection at sub‑ppb levels; (iii) electrospun nanofibre mats incorporating pH‑sensitive dyes for visual spoilage monitoring; and (iv) bacterial cellulose (BC) with in‑situ biosynthesis of colourants for intelligent packaging. We compare analytical performance, reusability, and scalability. Third, we evaluate the application of these functional textiles in intelligent and active food packaging. Case studies show that COF‑composite films extend the shelf life of beef and kumquat by fourfold, and coloured BC trays reduce microbial contamination without synthetic preservatives. A dedicated section critically discusses safety concerns related to heavy metal contamination of plant‑derived materials, drawing on extensive Iranian studies (Alinia‑Ahandani et al., 2020–2026) that have documented elevated lead, cadmium, and other toxic elements in medicinal plants and food products. We propose a quality control framework for plant‑based colourants intended for food‑contact applications. The review concludes with a research agenda that includes standardisation of test methods, life‑cycle assessment, hybrid nanoparticle–plant extract systems, field validation, and regulatory harmonisation.

Plant Derived Natural Extracts and Nanoparticle Technologies for Corrosion Control in Reinforced Concrete: A Systematic Review of Mechanisms, Performance Metrics, and Emerging Hybrid Systems

2026-06-09T18:38:25+00:00

The corrosion of steel reinforcement remains the single most pervasive threat to the long‑term durability of reinforced concrete infrastructure worldwide, with direct economic losses estimated at trillions of dollars annually. Traditional corrosion protection strategies—epoxy coatings, cathodic protection, and synthetic chemical inhibitors—are often effective but face increasing scrutiny regarding their environmental footprint, long‑term reliability, and cost‑effectiveness in aggressive service environments. Over the past two decades, two alternative paradigms have emerged that align with the principles of sustainable construction: plant‑based “green” corrosion inhibitors and nanoparticle‑modified cementitious systems. This systematic review synthesizes findings from over 150 peer‑reviewed studies published between 2020 and 2026, with particular emphasis on the most recent advances in both fields. The first part of the paper examines the mechanistic basis of corrosion inhibition by botanical extracts, focusing on the adsorption behaviour of phytochemical constituents—flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and terpenoids—on steel surfaces under the high‑pH conditions characteristic of concrete pore solutions. Electrochemical data from more than 40 plant species are compiled and critically evaluated, with inhibition efficiencies exceeding 90% reported for several species in chloride‑laden simulated pore solutions at optimized concentrations. However, a recurring concern identified in the literature concerns heavy metal contamination of plant materials harvested from anthropogenically impacted environments; recent studies from Iran and elsewhere have documented measurable concentrations of lead, cadmium, and other toxic elements in medicinal plants, with significant implications for the safety of plant‑derived construction additives. The second part of the review systematically evaluates the role of nanoparticles—particularly nano‑silica, nano‑titania, carbon nanotubes, and green‑synthesised nanomaterials—in enhancing concrete durability through pore refinement, permeability reduction, and autonomous crack healing. Data from laboratory studies indicate that optimal nano‑silica addition (1.5–2.5% by cement weight) can reduce water absorption by up to 41%, decrease chloride permeability by 24–40%, and improve resistance against aggressive chemical attack by 39–42%. Bacterial–nano hybrid systems for self‑healing concrete have demonstrated healing efficiencies of up to 80% for cracks under 0.5 mm. The review concludes with a critical discussion of the knowledge gaps that remain, including the need for standardised testing protocols, long‑term field validation, and life‑cycle assessment of hybrid plant–nanoparticle systems.

Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things in Food Supply Chain Sustainability: A Data Driven Approach to Waste Reduction, Predictive Quality Management, and Circular Economy Integration

2026-06-09T18:38:34+00:00

Food loss and waste (FLW) represent one of the most paradoxical failures of the modern food system: roughly one‑third of all food produced for human consumption – approximately 1.3 billion tonnes annually – is lost or wasted, while 828 million people face chronic hunger. This review provides a comprehensive and critical synthesis of how Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies are being deployed across the food supply chain (FSC) to monitor, predict, and reduce FLW. We systematically evaluate 85 peer‑reviewed studies (2020–2026) covering the entire chain from primary production to retail and consumer behaviour. Specific applications include: (i) AI‑powered yield prediction and precision harvesting in agriculture; (ii) IoT‑based cold chain monitoring with real‑time quality degradation modelling; (iii) computer vision for dynamic expiry date prediction and automated sorting in food processing; (iv) AI‑driven demand forecasting and inventory optimisation in retail; and (v) consumer‑facing smart storage and digital nudging. We critically examine the technical barriers – sensor cost, data interoperability, model generalisation across food types – as well as organisational and behavioural challenges. Integration of nanotechnology‑based sensors (e.g., for ethylene or volatile amines) with IoT platforms is highlighted as an emerging frontier. Life cycle assessment (LCA) of AI/IoT interventions shows that FLW reduction of 25–40% is achievable, with corresponding decreases in GHG emissions, water use, and land pressure. Finally, we discuss the role of circular economy principles and the need for open data standards. Our conclusion is that AI and IoT are no longer optional but essential for a resilient, low‑waste food system, provided that implementation costs are addressed and data governance frameworks are established.

Evaluation of the nutritional value of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis cultivated on wastewater from a recirculating aquaculture system

2026-06-09T18:38:45+00:00

The increasing demand for alternative sources of safe and efficient vegetable proteins and the development of sustainable solutions for the valorization of aquaculture wastewater stimulate the interest in the use of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis as a biomass with high nutritional value. The present study is based on the evaluation of the nutritional potential of Spirulina platensis biomass cultivated on wastewater from recirculating aquaculture systems at the Research and Development Station for Aquaculture and Aquatic Ecology Iasi of the “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi. The algae were cultivated on the standard nutrient medium (Zarrouk) in a proportion of 90%, supplemented with 10% wastewater from the recirculating aquaculture system. During the exponential growth phase of the cyanobacterium, the general biochemical content of the biomass and the amino acid profile were determined (using classical spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods). The results showed that the Spirulina platensis biomass has a high protein content, constituting 53.94%, while carbohydrates represented 13.50% and lipids 7.30%. Amino acid analysis revealed the presence of a diverse spectrum of amino acids, with high values for glutamic acid (11.59%), leucine (6.70%), arginine (5.90%), aspartic acid (5.79%) and alanine (5.51%). The biomass also contained essential amino acids such as threonine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine and phenylalanine, with values that did not differ significantly from those obtained in the case of cultivation of the algae on standard nutrient medium. Cultivation of Spirulina platensis on aquaculture wastewater represents a promising approach for obtaining an alternative source of biomass with a significant content of biologically active substances, simultaneously contributing to the valorization of nutrients from water and the development of circular technologies in the agri-food sector. The results obtained confirm the potential of this biomass for applications in aquatic animal nutrition (wastewater generating fish), biotechnology and sustainable valorization of aquatic resources.

Functional Textiles and Natural Colourants Derived from Agro Food Waste: A Comprehensive Review of Their Application in Food Quality Monitoring, Active Packaging, and the Circular Bioeconomy

2026-06-09T18:38:57+00:00

Comparative Review of Conventional and Novel Extraction Methods on the Phenolic Content of Plant Extracts: Implications for Food Applications

2026-06-09T22:28:45+00:00

Plant-derived phenolic compounds are widely recognized for their potent antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, making them highly valuable in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. However, the efficiency of their extraction- and consequently their bioactivity -is critically dependent on the extraction method employed. This review provides a comparative analysis of conventional extraction techniques (maceration, Soxhlet) and novel methods, including ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), with a focus on their impact on total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity. A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct databases for articles published between 2010 and 2025. The findings indicate that novel extraction methods significantly enhance phenolic yield (typically by 30–100%) compared to conventional approaches. MAE and UAE drastically reduce extraction time (from hours to minutes) and solvent consumption while minimizing degradation of heat-sensitive compounds. SFE is the most environmentally friendly technique but requires high-capital equipment. Key parameters influencing extraction efficiency -solvent type (particularly hydroalcoholic solvents), temperature (optimum 40–60 °C), extraction time, and solvent-to-solid ratio- are discussed. Response surface methodology (RSM) is highlighted as an effective tool for simultaneous optimization of these parameters. This review concludes that the choice of extraction method directly determines the quantity and quality of phenolic extracts. For industrial food applications requiring high yield, short processing time, and scalability, MAE and UAE are superior to conventional methods. Future research should focus on developing green solvents (e.g., natural deep eutectic solvents, NADES) and integrating novel techniques to achieve efficient, economical, and environmentally sustainable extraction processes suitable for food industry adoption.

A Cordyceps: Unlocking nature’s benefits for health and wellness

2026-06-10T20:22:48+00:00

Cordyceps are a group of entomoparasitic fungi which belonging in to the phylum Ascomycota. There are more than thousand species of “Cordyceps” has identified under four genera, namely, Cordyceps, Ophiocordyceps, Elaphocordyceps and Metacordyceps. It’s a common name for describing a specific type of entomoparasitic fungi on insect genera including Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Hemiptera. As obligate parasite, Cordyceps are using a method of hijacking the nervous system of hosts. After infecting, secondary metabolites are altering the circadian and diurnal cycles of hosts and lead for the places where find the optimum environmental parameters for their reproduction. By the time, the fungus has infected the fat body of the host and after reaches the suitable environmental condition, the host dies. By absorbing the nutrients of the carcass, the fungus grows continuously and produce reproductive structures. Cordyceps are usually rich form numerous secondary metabolic components including cordycepin, pentostatin, peroxides, organic acids, oosporeins and polysaccharides. Many of these components are carrying medicinal properties which is important for human health and well-being. In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) a certain species of Cordyceps including Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militars has been used as medicines for cough, renal disfunction and failures, immunity, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and blood sugar regulation. Some properties of Cordyceps species have been discovered from recent researches in pharmaceuticals. Immunomodulatory is one of the recently discovered property from O. sinensis. It can enhance the effectiveness of an anti -tuberculosis drug names PA-824. The combination has better effectiveness than the using the drug along against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Apart from headed properties, many Cordyceps spp. are containing compounds which can be using in treatments of various cancer types, to maintaining the gut, liver and renal health and antioxidant compounds. Hence, further studies regarding “Cordyceps” can open a new view on the production of antibiotics and pharmaceuticals which enhance the well-being of human life.